Volume 15 Supplement 1

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Plenary 1: Nutrition in-utero Beyond birthweight: findings from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children

▪ Author : AR Ness
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S21
▪ Content : Background – Observational studies have reported associations between size at birth and both higher levels of cardiovascular disease risk factors and increased risk of cardiovascular disease in adult life. It has been suggested that these associations provide evidence of programming in humans. While programming is well recognised in animals the existence and importance of programming in humans is disputed.
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Concurrent Session 1: Nutrition for Childhood and Adolescence Making strong bones – leaning towards what really matters

▪ Author : CFJ Munns
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S35
▪ Content : Background – Bones develop to withstand the mechanical forces applied to them from muscle pull and growth (1). Heritable factors account for up to 80% of the variance in bone mass (2). Of the modifiable factors, physical activity, lean tissue mass and dietary calcium intake that have been extensively evaluated. After genetics, physical activity appears the major determinant of peak bone mass, accounting for up to 17% of its variance (3).
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Concurrent Session 18: Nutrition and Cognitive Development Sialic acid: a conditional nutrient that enhances learning and memory of newborn piglets

▪ Author : B Wang, M Karim, H Hu , Y Sun , P McGreevy , P Petocz , S Held , J Brand-Miller
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S94
▪ Content : Background – Breast-feeding is associated with higher intelligence in later life, but the mechanisms remain unknown. The subject is controversial because it is difficult to disentangle genetic, environmental and nutritional factors. Understanding the molecular basis of learning, memory and cognitive development is one of science’s most difficult frontiers, yet of increasing clinical and public health importance. Sialic acid (Sia), a 9-carbon sugar, is a vital component of brain gangliosides and the building block of polysialic acid (PSA) on neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM).
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Plenary 4: Bioactives: From Composition to Activity and Beyond Overview of antioxidant activities – the underlining science

▪ Author : V Piironen
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S96
▪ Content : Background – Lipid oxidation is on of the most important chemical reactions, which lead to food spoilage. In vivo oxidation reactions have been associated with several important diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Both in foods and in vivo oxidation reactions are complex. Therefore, comprehensive understanding of roles of various antioxidants and their activities is challenging. Natural plant-derived antioxidants continue to be one of the most popular research topics in food science. One of the trends is to search for simple measurements to characterize foods and their potential for providing antioxidants and thus supporting our health.
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Plenary 4: Bioactives: From Composition to Activity and Beyond Antioxidants: from anthocyanins to zeaxanthin

▪ Author : CE Lister
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S97
▪ Content : Background – Antioxidants have been a rapidly growing area of scientific research over the last decade. The term “antioxidant” is now widely recognised, and to some extent understood, by the general public as media coverage increases and the food industry promotes their health benefits.
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Plenary 4: Bioactives: From Composition to Activity and Beyond Antioxidant analyses of foods

▪ Author : J Lako
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S98
▪ Content : Background – Antioxidants are compounds that help prevent oxidation. Information on their presence in foods and their uses as neutralizers of oxidants or free radical compounds in the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases has attracted scientists in various fields. Hence information related to their analytical determination is crucial.
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Plenary 4: Bioactives: From Composition to Activity and Beyond Developments in QA of chemical measurements in food

▪ Author : D Brynn Hibbert
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S99
▪ Content : Background – Challenges in the analysis of food include new residues that need monitoring, and ever lower concentrations of target compounds.
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Plenary 5: Nutrition and Ageing Nutrition for older people

▪ Author : A Stewart Truswell
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S100
▪ Content : People are living longer. Australia now has the second longest life expectancy (at birth) in the world: about 71 years for males and 74 for females. At 60 years our average health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) is another 16.9 in men and 19.5 in women (mortality is longer).
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Plenary 5: Nutrition and Ageing Diet in childhood and diet and mortality in old age: findings from the Boyd Orr cohort

▪ Author : AR Ness
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S101
▪ Content : Background – Childhood diet may have important implications for health in old age for two reasons. First, diet in childhood may influence diet in later life. Second, diet in childhood may have direct effects on the pathogenesis of chronic disease processes independent of subsequent adult diet.
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Plenary 5: Nutrition and Ageing Healthy ageing: 10-year trends in food and nutrient intakes among older Australians

▪ Author : VM Flood , KL Webb , G Burlutski , E Rochtchina , W Smith , P Mitchell
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S102
▪ Content : Background – Healthy aging depends, in part, on good nutrition, to compress morbidity, or, in other words, to minimize the time spent in states of ill-health in the later years of life. Little information is available in Australia about trends in food and nutrient intakes of any age group, including older people.
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Plenary 5: Nutrition and Ageing Calorie restriction and life extension

▪ Author : AV Everitt
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S103
▪ Content : Background – Long-term calorie restriction (CR) extends the life of many lower animals, including rats, mice, fish, flies and worms. However, in humans there are no life-long studies, only short term trials over 2 to 6 years which indicate that CR reduces the risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
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Concurrent Session 1: Nutrition for Childhood and Adolescence Bone turnover markers and calcitropic hormones in Chinese adolescent girls, 3 years after completion of a milk supplementation trial

▪ Author : LH Foo, K Zhu, Q Zhang, GS Ma, H Greenfield, DR Fraser
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S36
▪ Content : Background – There is little information about whether the effects of milk supplementation on bone turnover markers still persist, 3 years after supplements cease. Objectives – To assay biochemical markers of bone turnover and also calcitropic hormones in blood, 3 years after the completion of a milk supplementation trial.
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P01 Wheat bran plus resistant starch-enriched food beneficially modulate the colonic microflora in individuals with ulcerative colitis

▪ Author : S Cicerale, SC Smith, JG Muir, SL James, PR Gibson
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S104
▪ Content : Background – Current treatments and outcomes for Ulcerative Colitis (UC), a form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), are generally disappointing hence new forms of therapy are urgently required. It has been proposed that manipulation of the gut microbiota with a diet containing wheat bran plus resistant starch (WBRS) may have the ability to modulate the colonic microflora towards a more remedial community and thus potentially act as a novel therapeutic approach in the management of UC.
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P02 The effect of multivitamin supplementation on nutritional status and quantitative heel ultrasound in aged care residents

▪ Author : JA Grieger, CA Nowson
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S104
▪ Content : Background – Food fortification and/or multivitamin supplementation may improve nutritional status in aged care residents who are at risk of malnutrition and related diseases. Objective – To assess the effectiveness of a multivitamin tablet, and calcium-vitamin D3 fortified milk supplementation for six months, on serum indices of nutritional status and bone quality (quantitative heel ultrasound, QUS) in a group of Australian aged care residents.
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P03 Squalene supplementation alters genes associated with liver cholesterol metabolism

▪ Author : M Janevski , M McGlynn , P Lewandowski
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S105
▪ Content : Background – Squalene is a component of shark liver oil and has been speculated to have cholesterol reducing properties. High levels of total and LDL cholesterol have been shown to contribute to the development of chronic heart disease. The liver is central to the regulation of cholesterol metabolism and dietary intervention has long been recognized as a primary means to reduce the risks of chronic heart disease and related ailments.
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P04 The effects of four ad libitum diets of varying fibre content on cardiovascular risk factors

▪ Author : A Khossousi, CW Binns, SS Dhaliwal, S Pal
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S105
▪ Content : Background – Inverse associations between fibre intake and cardiovascular risk factors are reported in many studies. In a randomised controlled trial we have previously shown that dietary fibre, in the form of a supplement, decreases cardiovascular risk factors in the postprandial period in overweight and obese individuals. The effects of dietary fibre in conjunction with a healthy diet on cardiovascular disease have not been studied in overweight and obese subjects.
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P05 Tanita foot-to-foot bioelectrical impedance validated in healthy overweight adults

▪ Author : YP Lee , JM Hodgson , IB Puddey , TA Mori , V Burke , TR Ackland
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S106
▪ Content : Background – Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) has been commonly used as a convenient, cost effective way to measure body composition in large population studies. However, the validity of this technique remains uncertain. Objective – To compare measurements of body fat mass using single frequency BIA with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA).
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The effects of soy and whey dietary proteins on gene expression during tumourigenesis

▪ Author : KJ McKaskill, LC Ward, SR Mason
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S106
▪ Content : Background – Both soy and whey proteins have been shown to have additional health benefits beyond their basic nutritional value, including anti-carcinogenic properties against colorectal, breast and prostate cancers. At present, limited knowledge exists of the mechanisms by which soy and whey exhibit these anti-carcinogenic properties and whether anti-tumour properties extend to other tissues.
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P07 Dietary intake of long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in adults with asthma

▪ Author : MA Micallef , ML Garg , LG Wood , VE Murphy , VL Clifton
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S107
▪ Content : Background – Increases in the prevalence of asthma may be explained by changes in the dietary intake of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3 PUFA’s), which are shown to have anti-inflammatory properties. Objective – To evaluate the dietary intake of LCn-3 PUFA’s in adult women with and without asthma and to examine the effect of inhaled corticosteroid use (ICS) on dietary intake.
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P08 Knowledge and consumption of long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3PUFA) in young adult tertiary students

▪ Author : WS Kok, IA Munro, ML Garg
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S107
▪ Content : Background – LCn-3PUFA are known to have beneficial effects on human health. However, changes to the human diet in the past 150 years appear to have resulted in reduced intakes of LCn-3PUFA which now fall well short of an adequate intake for optimal health.
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P09 The inflammatory response of acute maximal exercise in athletes

▪ Author : BA Plunkett, R Callister, ML Garg
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S108
▪ Content : Background – Pro-inflammatory cytokines are released in response to conditions of stress such as trauma, surgery, burns, sepsis and exercise. Exercise has been suggested to affect the immune system in a J curve, where moderate exercise improves immune function and chronic exercise impairs the immune system and increases the risk of upper respiratory tract infection [1, 2].
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P10 Effect of age, gender and ethnicity on glycaemic responses

▪ Author : A Porzoor, N Mann, C Robinson , F Kelly
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S108
▪ Content : Background – The in vivo glycaemic index (GI) testing of foods can give a broad range of results between laboratories and even within laboratories for the same food item. Demographic factors such as gender, ethnicity and age of participants may influence the glycaemic responses in the individuals to a standard Oral Glucose tolerance test (OGTT), hence may affect the determination of the GI value of foods.
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Concurrent Session 2: What are the dietary patterns of Australian adolescents and are they associated with health?

▪ Author : SA McNaughton , D Crawford , K Ball , GD Mishra
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S37
▪ Content : Background – Increasingly, measures of dietary patterns have been used to capture the complex nature of dietary intake and investigate their association with health. Healthy dietary patterns may be important in the prevention of chronic disease however there are few investigations in adolescents. Objective – The objective of this study was to describe the dietary patterns of adolescents and their associations with socio-demographic factors and health outcomes.
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P11 Effect of racial differences on glycaemic responses: Western European vs. South East Asian

▪ Author : A Porzoor, N Mann, C Robinson, F Kelly
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S109
▪ Content : Background – Glycemic Response (GR) is the extent to which any food raises the blood glucose level and is controlled by the structure of the carbohydrate and its rate of digestion and absorption by the small intestine. Glycaemic index (GI) is a measure used to rank carbohydrates based on their effect on the blood glucose level relative to a standard such as pure glucose. One of the factors which may change the rate of gastrointestinal emptying, digestion and absorption and hence influence the GR and GI value is ethnicity.
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P12 Influencing children’s food preferences: parents’ strategies

▪ Author : CG Russell, A Worsley
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S109
▪ Content : Background – The origins of children’s food preferences remain largely unexplored. However, experimental research suggests they are affected by parents’ feeding behaviours. Outside of the laboratory context, in daily life, there is little indication of how parents attempt to influence their children’s food likes and dislikes, and associations between feeding behaviours and children’s food preferences. Furthermore, parents’ use of feeding behaviours may be partly determined by characteristics of the child, especially their food neophobia.
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P13 Lycopene supplementation does not influence cytokine profile in asthma patients

▪ Author : A Saedisomeolia , ML Garg , LG Wood , PG Gibson
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S110
▪ Content : Background – Carotenoids are fat soluble pigments, which may play an anti-inflammatory role. Their circulating levels are low in the asthma, a disease that is defined as chronic inflammation of the airways. It has been shown that lycopene supplementation can reduce exercise-induced oxidative stress in stable asthma.
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P14 Does HERO always HELP? Differences in nutrient intake among obese subjects with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus prior to dietary intervention

▪ Author : SY Tan , L Gillen , M Batterham , XF Huang , C Quick , Y Probst , S Faraji , L Tapsell
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S110
▪ Content : Background – Dietary intervention for obese populations is vital in light of the growing incidence of obesity within Australia. The Healthy Eating Lifestyle Program (HELP) and Healthy Eating for the Reduction of Obesity (HERO) are randomized controlled dietary intervention studies that target this condition. Both studies aim to assist overweight volunteers with weight loss through structured dietary prescriptions.
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P16 A survey of New Zealand women’s beliefs about osteoporosis

▪ Author : PR von Hurst, CA Wham
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S111
▪ Content : Background – Osteoporosis is a disease which places considerable burden on the health budget, and brings pain, disability and possibly death to those in whom it develops. As it is essentially incurable, a preventative public health approach is required. Perceptions of personal susceptibility, belief in the seriousness of the disease and in the efficacy of recommended risk reducing behaviours have been shown to be critical in bringing about behavioural change.
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P17 Pro-arrhythmic actions of dietary saturated fat are independent from changes in myocardial membrane fatty acids

▪ Author : MY Abeywardena, JA Dallimore, GS Patten, MJ Adams
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S112
▪ Content : Background – Whilst in most cases changes in diet and lifestyle can account for the sharp increase in morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) in many Asian countries, the relatively high incidence of CVD in Sri Lanka cannot be fully explained by traditional plasma lipid markers or by an excessive total fat intake.
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P18 A systematic literature review of food security in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations in Australia

▪ Author : N Ahasan , L Jackson Pulver, P Craig
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S112
▪ Content : Background – Ready access to a safe and affordable food was identified as an important element for food security at the 1996 World Food Summit in Rome (1). In 1994, 30% of Indigenous adults worried at least occasionally about going without food (2). The health status of Indigenous people remains the worst of any subgroup within the population, with little evidence of significant improvement over the past two decades (3). The causes of health 3 disadvantage are complex, however, improved diet, access to food and health care play a role in improving health .
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P19 Effects of daily ingestion of chilli on serum oxidation in adult men and women

▪ Author : KDK Ahuja, MJ Ball
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S113
▪ Content : Background – Laboratory studies have shown that the resistance of isolated low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol or linoleic acid to oxidation is increased in incubations with chilli extracts or capsaicin - the active ingredient of chilli. It is unknown if these in vitro antioxidative effects also occur in serum of people eating chilli regularly.
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P20 Change in mean Glycemic Index of Australian diets over a 10 year period

▪ Author : AW Barclay , VM Flood , JC Brand-Miller , P Mitchell
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S113
▪ Content : Background – In Australia, the concept of the Glycemic Index (GI) was introduced to the general public through dietitians, other health professionals and the popular press in the mid 1990s, with the recommendation to consume more low-GI foods.
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P21 Evaluation of an interactive, personalised, Internet-based weight loss program

▪ Author : AO Booth, CA Nowson
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S114
▪ Content : Background – One of the most effective intervention methods to assist with lifestyle modifications for weight management involves individual counselling with face to face contact, however, this method is time intensive and costly for patients. Recently, internet based interventions and education programs have been developed.
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Concurrent Session 2: Dietary Intake Dietary intake and 24-hour excretion of sodium and potassium

▪ Author : C Margerison , CA Nowson
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S37
▪ Content : Background – There is little recent data on the dietary intake of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) in the Australian population. The best method for assessing dietary Na is 24-hour urine collections, which require a high level of subject co-operation. Dietary assessment can provide an estimate of Na intake but the association between dietary assessment and urinary measurement in Australian community dwelling adults is not known.
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P22 General Practitioner initiated lifestyle advice for overweight and hypertension

▪ Author : AO Booth, CA Nowson
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S114
▪ Content : Background – In recent years, there has been a focus on using the general practice setting for health promotion including improving dietary and exercise practices among patients. Objectives – To determine the extent to which Australian-based GPs advise overweight and obese patients to make lifestyle changes for weight loss and advise hypertensive patients to reduce intake of salt and/or salty foods.
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P23 Weight loss improves heart rate recovery in overweight and obese men with features of metabolic syndrome

▪ Author : GD Brinkworth , M Noakes , JD Buckley , PM Clifton
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S115
▪ Content : Background – Heart rate recovery (HRR) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality and is inversely associated with insulin resistance and co-related metabolic risk markers.
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P24 A survey of foods marketed to children in Australia

▪ Author : DYP Ng, B D’Arcy, N Caffin
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S115
▪ Content : Background – There is a growing concern over the increasing prevalence of obesity, diabetes and dental erosion amongst Australian children. Association of the effect of marketing such as television advertising of low nutrient, high energy dense foods with childhood obesity is becoming an issue of concern for public health (1).
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P25 The effect of honey versus sucrose, mixed sugars and a sugar-free diet on weight gain in young rats

▪ Author : L Chepulis
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S116
▪ Content : Background – Obesity is a major concern for westernised populations and one of the leading contributors is the prevalence of foods that are high in fats and sugars. Honey is a ready source of sugar that offers nutritional benefits over the use of sucrose. Objectives – To assess whether replacing sucrose in a standard western diet with honey would have any impact on weight, food intake or blood sugar and cholesterol levels.
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P26 Adhesion and competitive exclusion - basis for development of new probiotics

▪ Author : MC Collado , J Meriluoto , S Salminen
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S116
▪ Content : Background – Adhesion and colonization of the mucosal surfaces by probiotics are possible protective mechanisms against pathogens through competition for binding sites and nutrients (1) or immune modulation (2).
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P27 Associations between diet quality, quality of life and Medicare costs in mid-aged women from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health

▪ Author : CE Collins , AF Young , A Hodge
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S117
▪ Content : Background – Epidemiological studies suggest that adhering more closely to National Dietary Guidelines is associated with improved diet-related health outcomes, with a reduction in morbidity and mortality. A number of methods have been used to generate dietary scores to measure diet quality and variety. Objectives – To evaluate whether an association exists between diet quality and indices of quality of life, health service use and Medicare costs in the Australian Longitudinal Study of Women’s Health (ALSWH).
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P28 Delayed gastric emptying may contribute to prolonged postprandial hyperglycaemia in meal-fed cats

▪ Author : M Coradini, JS Rand, JM Morton, LJ Filippich
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S117
▪ Content : Background – Following ingestion of a meal, postprandial hyperglycaemia in cats persists for 20-24 hrs, and the reasons for this are unknown. Objectives – To describe the patterns of postprandial plasma glucose, D-lactate, and L-lactate concentrations, and gastric emptying time in meal-fed cats, and to assess the effects of meal volume on gastric emptying time.
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P29 Switching to an ultra-low carbohydrate diet has a similar effect on postprandial blood glucose concentrations to administering acarbose to healthy cats fed a high carbohydrate diet

▪ Author : R Singh , JS Rand , JM Morton , M Coradini
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S118
▪ Content : abstract
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P30 Folate intake in Vitilevu, Fiji

▪ Author : Riteshma Devi, S Sotheeswaran, S Ali
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S118
▪ Content : Background – Most plant foods, especially green vegetables, wholegrain breads and cereals and peas and dried beans contain folates. There is a critical need to estimate dietary folate intakes for nutrition monitoring and food safety evaluations in the South Pacific.
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P31 Chewing and Caco-2 cells as part of an in-vitro human digestive model

▪ Author : I Epriliati , B R D’Arcy , M J Gidley
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S119
▪ Content : Background – In-vitro models of the human digestive system are useful for identifying factors that may influence the molecular behaviour of nutritional ingredients during digestion and passage into the circulatory system. It is important that models faithfully represent important digestive processes with the minimum of operational complexity. Current models (a) usually use mechanical size reduction to mimic chewing and (b) sometimes use a Caco-2 epithelial cell monolayer to estimate uptake into cells, but not to evaluate metabolism across the cell layer.
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Differences in nutrition knowledge and dietary intake in two South Australian communities of differing socio-economic status

▪ Author : GA Hendrie , DN Cox , J Coveney
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S37
▪ Content : Background – Current scientific literature has yet to provide strong support for the role of nutrition knowledge in influencing food intake behaviours. This relationship may have been prematurely rejected, as previous measures of nutrition knowledge used have lacked validity and reliability; and measuring dietary intake is notoriously difficult.
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P32 Daily dietary selenium intake of a randomly selected population of Victorian women: Age group differences and food sources

▪ Author : M Evans , JA Pasco and MJ Ball
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S119
▪ Content : Background – Selenium deficiency may be associated with increased risk of viral virulence, cancer, negative mood states and immunological dysfunction, and Se intakes above the minimum requirements appear to have a positive effect on the later three. There is relatively little detailed information on selenium intake in Australian adults.
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P33 Folate composition of fresh Australian pork 2005/6

▪ Author : J Arcot, Z Nasution , S Vishnumohan, JA Barnes, H Greenfield
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S120
▪ Content : Background – Australian fresh pork composition was last analysed in 1994; since then rearing and butchering practices have improved considerably with potential to affect composition of pork as available at the present time. Objective – To assess the folate composition of nationally representative retail fresh pork cuts in 2005/6
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P34 How women cope with pregnancy and early mothering after recovery from an eating disorder: a grounded theory of women’s experience

▪ Author : CA Gunn, J Coad
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S120
▪ Content : Background – Maternal nutrition plays a major role in a healthy outcome for pregnancy. Increasing numbers of women have experienced an eating disorder and recovered. Does this influence weight gain and nutrition in pregnancy?
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P35 Blood loss a stronger predictor of iron status in UK men than C282Y heterozygosity or diet

▪ Author : A-LM Heath , MA Roe , AR Gray , SM Williams , SJ Fairweather-Tait
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S121
▪ Content : Background – Approximately 12% of people of Northern European descent are heterozygous for the C282Y mutation of the HFE gene (homozygosity for which mutation is associated with hereditary haemochromatosis). Improved phenotypic characterization is needed to assess health risks for the heterozygote genotype.
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P36 Validity of segmental bioelectrical impedance analysis in estimating body composition

▪ Author : J LaForgia , SM Gunn , RT Withers
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S121
▪ Content : Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) measures the impedance and resistance associated with passage of an alternating current through the body. The aforementioned are proportional to total body water (TBW) and therefore can be used to provide expedient estimates of body composition.
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P37 Dietary folate: Mandatory fortification and supplementation for the prevention of NTDs

▪ Author : A Low , M Andonopoulos , K Jukic , E Caruana , V Soutter , A Swain
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S122
▪ Content : Background – Since mandatory fortification of folic acid of flour has contributed to the reduction of neural tube defects (NTDs) in the U.S., Canada and Chile (1), mandatory folic acid fortification in bread-making flour has been proposed for Australia and New Zealand (2).
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P38 Evaluation of a self administered glycemic load questionnaire

▪ Author : T O’Sullivan , A Bremner , S O’Neill , P Lyons-Wall
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S122
▪ Content : Background – The majority of epidemiological studies examining associations between glycemic load (GL) and risk of chronic diseases have used validated food frequency questionnaires with carbohydrate correlation coefficients ranging from 0.4 to 0.8. Few have reported the degree of agreement between the questionnaire and reference intake.
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P39 Antioxidant activities and total phenolic content of four blueberries cultivars grown in New Zealand

▪ Author : SL Mason ,Bo Sun ,K Wang ,R Hider ,AED Bekhit
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S123
▪ Content : Background – Blueberries are considered a healthy addition to the diet as a rich source of antioxidants. Although the nutritional content of blueberries is highly affected by environmental growing conditions, no research has been published on New Zealand - grown blueberries varieties.
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P40 Total phenolics content and antioxidant activities from commercial coffee drinks

▪ Author : AED Bekhit ,K Wang ,Bo Sun ,R Sedcole ,S Mason
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S123
▪ Content : Background – Coffee is a very popular beverage and it contains several bioactive compounds. Antioxidant activities have been reported in coffee, however, little is known on the level of phenolics and the antioxidant capacity in commercial coffee drinks. Objective – To determine the phenolics content of six commercial coffee drinks (espresso, long black, filtered, flat white, latte and cappuccino) from 4 different coffee retailers, and to investigate their antioxidant activities.
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P41 The effects of voluntary exercise on hepatic gene expression during tumourigenesis

▪ Author : SR Mason, LC Ward
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S124
▪ Content : Background – Many studies have documented that exercise and nutrition both have regulatory effects upon carcinogenesis. Indeed the progression of lesions and cancers can be reduced or eliminated. Both soy and whey proteins have been shown to have additional health benefits beyond their basic nutritional value, including anti- carcinogenic properties against colorectal, breast and prostate cancers. At present, limited knowledge exists of the mechanisms by which exercise and/or in combination with nutrition exhibit these anti-carcinogenic properties and whether anti-tumour properties extend to other tissues.
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Concurrent Session 2: Dietary Intake Variations in dietary acid-base balance

▪ Author : AD Patchett, CA Nowson, L Riddell
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S38
▪ Content : Background – Increased net acid excretion has been found to negatively affect bone mass in children and women and may have an impact on other indicators of health such as blood pressure. Objective – To determine the potential renal acid load (PRAL) and net acid excretion (NAE) levels derived from dietary assessment in community dwelling adult men and women following a variety of different diets.
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P42 The in vivo antioxidant action and the reduction of oxidative stress by Boysenberry extract is dependent on base diet constituents in rats

▪ Author : TK McGhie, LE Barnett, MB Hunt
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S124
▪ Content : Background & Objectives – Dietary antioxidants are often defined by in vitro measures of antioxidant capacity. Such measures are valid indicators of the antioxidant potential, but provide little evidence of efficacy as a dietary antioxidant. This study was undertaken to assess the in vivo antioxidant efficacy of a berry fruit extract.
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P43 Dairy foods, fat and human bowel health

▪ Author :
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S125
▪ Content : Background – Dairy foods such as cheese and yogurt provide a health promoting option, and components present within their fat could be offering some significant benefits. Dairy fat has an optimal ratio of w6/w3 fatty acids (2), along with conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) are also present (particularly cis-9, trans-11 18:2) which have been identified as potentially beneficial to bowel health eg antiinflammatory and cancer preventing effects (1).
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P44 Effectiveness of DPA in comparison to DHA in lowering plasma triglyceride levels and other cardiovascular risk factors

▪ Author : BJ Meyer , AE Lane , NJ Mann
▪ Keyword : keywords
▪ Content : Background – Numerous health benefits have been attributed to both eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n3) found in fish oil. However, docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5n3) found particularly in red meat has been less well studied. Australians consume 6 times more meat than we do fish. The richest commercial capsule source of DPA available is seal oil. Objective – To compare the effects of DPA rich seal oil supplementation with DHA rich fish oil, on measures of plasma lipids in hypertriglyceridaemic subjects.
60

P45 Development of the lower glycemic index rice cracker

▪ Author : S Mineo , S Sato , T Konishi , D Maejima , K Takeishi
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S126
▪ Content : Background – Control of postprandial hyperglycemia is one of the main therapeutic targets in diabetic patients, glucose-intolerant and normal subjects. High amylose starch, as found in Indica rice and corn flour, suppress blood glucose levels and insulin responses when compared with the low amylose starch. Since the traditional Japanese rice crackers are generally made from Japonica rice, which has a low amylose content (16 – 18 % amylose), they have a high glycemic index (GI, 91). We developed a rice cracker using Indica rice with high amylose content (25 – 35 % amylose) and non-digestible dextrin.
61

P46 Qualitative analysis of the effects of chickpea supplementation on habitual diet

▪ Author : CM Murty, JK Pittaway, IK Robertson, MJ Ball
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S126
▪ Content : Background – A balanced diet is an important aspect of disease prevention. Legumes are high in fibre and plant protein, low in fat and cholesterol and have a low glycaemia index. They are an important addition to a balanced diet. Despite their healthy nature, consumption of legumes within Australia is low. Qualitative research into the perceived benefits and barriers of legume consumption is an important step in addressing this. Hypocholesterolaemic properties and enhanced sensations of satiety have been reported. Through increasing satiety chickpeas may replace other food items in the diet potentially leading to beneficial nutrient changes.
62

P47 Efficacy of an isocaloric high protein low GI weight loss diet compared to a low GI high carbohydrate diet in overweight/obese men

▪ Author : M Noakes , G Brinkworth, JB Keogh, P Clifton
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S127
▪ Content : Background – Although diets with increased protein to carbohydrate appear more effective for improving body composition and metabolic outcomes in women, they have been poorly studied in men.
63

P48 Epithelial cell folate is an accurate marker when compared with whole tissue biopsy folate for examining the role of folate status in colorectal cancer

▪ Author : SL O’Reilly
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S127
▪ Content : Background – Epidemiological studies have shown low folate status is associated with colorectal cancer. Colonic tissue folate levels at different stages of cancer development should give important information, but different methodologies to extract the colonic tissue folates have been used. This has hampered progress in defining the relationship between systemic and tissue folate levels.
64

P49 Effect of dairy based replacement meals on food intake and appetite in lean and obese subjects

▪ Author : B Parker , A Thorp , M Denichilo , M Rowney , A Coates , J Buckley , P Howe
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S128
▪ Content : Background – The incidence of obesity is increasing and products that suppress appetite and subsequently food intake may be important in controlling body weight. Murray Goulburn Nutritionals has produced a dairy based supplement that has been shown to stimulate cholecystokinin (CCK), a potent satiating hormone, release in vitro. This product may potentially influence appetite leading to a reduced food intake.
65

P50 Effects of dietary fibre and fish oil on gut contractility

▪ Author : GS Patten and MY Abeywardena
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S128
▪ Content : Background – Experimental and epidemiological data suggest that dietary fibre and resistant starch (RS) promote bowel function through faecal bulking and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. Our data has recently shown that dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from fish oil (FO) also have important actions on the gut (1). Objective – To feed normotensive and the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) diets supplemented with FO and RS and examine indices of gut health including effects on in vitro contractility.
66

P51 Screening of plant-based extracts for colorectal cancer prevention

▪ Author : C Kirana , GS Patten , MY Abeywardena , LE Bennett , E Khoo, KL Robinso
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S129
▪ Content : Background – Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second ranked cause of cancer related death in Australia. A healthy lifestyle based on a good diet is the most attractive preventative strategy to fight this disease. Dietary fruits, vegetables, legumes and cereals are recommended for the prevention of CRC development. It is desirable to know which particular foods posses specific anticancer properties.
67

New Zealand children’s dietary intakes during school hours

▪ Author : A Regan, W Parnell, A Gray
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S38
▪ Content : Background – Children are often targeted for nutrition intervention programmes with the aim to prevent ill health later in life. Schools are seen as an ideal place to implement such interventions as most children attend together and foods are usually consumed. Most schools in New Zealand are publicly owned and therefore government agencies have the authority to influence policy surrounding food at school, so that agencies appear pro-active in the fight against nutrition related disease.
68

P52 Chickpeas influence P:S ratio and fibre content of ad libitum dietary intake and improve serum lipid profile, and glycaemic control

▪ Author : JK Pittaway, IK Robertson, MJ Ball
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S129
▪ Content : Background – There has been a gradual development of interest in the contribution of pulses to a healthy lifestyle, as awareness of ethnic diets and lifestyles has grown. A couple of controlled dietary intervention studies with chickpeas have shown a small but significant reduction in serum low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) and total cholesterol (TC) concentrations in women and men. But a question remains as to the potential effect of chickpeas on nutrient intake, metabolic and physiological changes in a more realistic ad libitum setting.
69

P53 Effects of a controlled diet supplemented with chickpeas versus wheat on serum lipids, glycaemic control, satiety and bowel function

▪ Author : JK Pittaway, KDK Ahuja, IK Robertson, MJ Ball
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S130
▪ Content : Background – Chickpeas are common in many ethnic diets and are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), dietary fibre and resistant starch. However, little information is available on the health effects of regular chickpea consumption.
70

P54 Comparison of two sets of criteria to classify ‘extra’ foods in the Australian diet

▪ Author : AM Rangan , D Randall , DJ Hector , KL Webb , TP Gill
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S130
▪ Content : Background – The high consumption of non-core or ‘extra’ foods is of concern as they may contribute to excessive energy intakes and replace more nutritious foods in the diet. The definitions used to classify ‘extra’ foods are inconsistent and need to be standardised. Objective – To develop a classification system to identify ‘extra’ foods which can be used in the analysis of dietary intake data and development of nutrition policy in Australia.
71

P55 Retention of major minerals and some trace elements in the newly hatched broiler chick

▪ Author : V Ravindran, DV Thomas
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S131
▪ Content : Background – The first week after hatch is the most critical period in the life of a broiler chicken. Several recent studies have examined the utilisation of energy and protein in the newly hatched chick, but corresponding data on mineral utilisation is scanty.
72

P56 Influence of diet on iron status in the Tasmanian population with and without the haemochromatosis genes

▪ Author : IK Robertson, MJ Ball
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S131
▪ Content : Background – Hereditary haemochromatosis is one of the commonest genetic disorders in Australia. There is considerable variability in the rate of end-organ disease in people with susceptible HFE genotypes for hereditary haemochromatosis, possibly due to variability in the rate of iron accumulation.
73

P57 1 Relationship between the rate of intestinal glucose absorption and glycemic index in rats

▪ Author : S Sato , T Konishi , K Takeishi , D Maejima , S Mineo , A Nishiyama , E Sakaguchi
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S132
▪ Content : Background – The incretin hormones such as GIP and GLP-1 are released from endocrine cells in the intestinal mucosa after ingestion of carbohydrates and enhance postprandial insulin release from the pancreatic beta cells. The released insulin stimulates glucose uptake in skeletal muscles and adipocytes, and the enhancement of the glucose disappearance rate from blood (glucose clearance: GC) is promoted by the facilitative subcellular redistribution of the glucose transpoter isoform (GLUT4) from an intracellular compartment to the plasma membrane.
74

P58 Available oxalate content of nuts

▪ Author : MMC Ritter , GP Savage
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S132
▪ Content : Background – Nuts are often referred to as high oxalate containing foods but reliable data on the oxalate content of many commonly eaten nuts are hard to find. Objectives - This study was conducted to determine the oxalate contents in common nuts either grown or imported into New Zealand. Samples of imported nuts were purchased from supermarkets in Christchurch while home-grown nuts were obtained directly from the growers. Gastric soluble and intestinal soluble oxalates were extracted from the nuts using an in vitro assay. The extracted oxalates were then determined by HPLC chromatography.
75

P59 Ad libitum feeding; is it metabolically efficient?

▪ Author : K Scrimgeour , RE Newman , LR Giles , MJ Gresham , PC Thomson PC Wynn
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S133
▪ Content : Background – Studies in both humans and rodents have shown an endogenous entrainment of 24 h rhythms in plasma glucose and insulin metabolism (1). These rhythms are regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus and are independent of the influence of feeding activity (1). Little is known of these metabolic rhythms in the domestic pig despite the fact that pigs housed in commercial environments are maintained at ambient photoperiod.
76

P60 Effects of processing on folate retention in food

▪ Author : AK Shrestha , JL Paterson , J Arcot
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S133
▪ Content : Background – Folates are sensitive to temperature, pressure and exposure to light and thus can be affected during food processing. Objective – To review some of the common practices of processing foods and their impact on folate stability. Review – A number of studies in the literature have reported thermal destruction of folate in model systems when temperatures were up to 100°C and under UHT conditions, and in food systems.
77

P61 Reference database on nutrient levels in Australian foods

▪ Author : RL Sobolewski, JH Cunningham
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S134
▪ Content : Background – Accurate, representative data for the level of nutrients found in foods are critical for the assessment of the quality of a nation’s food supply and population nutrient intakes. Due to the dynamic nature of the food supply, advances in nutrition research and the need for comprehensive data for public health and labelling purposes, the task of providing official, up-to-date nutrient composition data is both difficult and ongoing. Analytical difficulties such as sampling variability and inadequate methods of analysis make this process even more difficult. Objective – To compile and publish quality up-to-date data on the nutrient composition of Australian foods.
78

Concurrent Session 2: Dietary Intake Energy and macronutrient intakes in young women with anorexia nervosa in two countries

▪ Author : NL Soh , SW Touyz , TA Dobbins , G Walter
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S39
▪ Content : Background – Patients with anorexia nervosa (AN), a psychiatric disorder in which diet is a central issue, present from diverse cultural backgrounds but to date there have been no cross-cultural studies into diet and AN. Objective – To investigate the energy intake and macronutrient profile of diets in women with and without AN in Sydney and Singapore with respect to socio-cultural factors.
79

P62 Modelling the dietary impact of mandatory fortification of food with folic acid

▪ Author : RL Sobolewski , JH Cunningham , TL Hambridge , J Boorman , B Joseph
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S134
▪ Content : Background – A recent Food Regulation Ministerial Council policy guideline endorsed mandatory fortification of the food supply with folic acid as an effective public health strategy for reducing the prevalence of neural tube defects.
80

P63 The effects of high walnut and cashew nut diets on the antioxidant status of subjects with metabolic syndrome

▪ Author : W Stonehouse , L Davis , D Loots , J Mukuddem-Petersen , FH van der Westhuizen ,SM Hanekom , JC Jerling
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S135
▪ Content : Background – Nut consumption is associated with a protective effect against coronary heart disease, partly due to its high antioxidant content. It is hypothesized that the inclusion of nuts in the diet will improve the antioxidant status of subjects with metabolic syndrome who may be vulnerable to impaired antioxidant status.
81

P65 Does presence of inherent or added fat in foods interfere with folate extraction?

▪ Author : S Vishnumohan, J Arcot
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S136
▪ Content : Background – The current folate extraction methods for analysis in foods uses a tri-enzyme technique namely, addition of protease and α-amylase for hydrolysis of the protein and starch in foods to free the folate and a conjugase (chicken pancreas or human plasma or rat plasma) to further convert the polyglutamyl form of the folate to monoglutamate for determination using the traditional microbiological assay or the chromatographic methods. Given that there are high fat containing foods, the effect of addition of a lipase enzyme was investigated.
82

P66 Concentrations of some minerals in cow’s milk vary with season

▪ Author : GP Walker, PT Doyle, FR Dunshea
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S136
▪ Content : Background – Milk can be an important source of minerals in the diet. In Australia, seasonal variation in the nutritive characteristics of pasture is likely to be associated with seasonal variation in the concentrations of minerals in milk.
83

P67 Concentrations of some cow’s milk lipids associated with health benefits for humans vary with season

▪ Author : GP Walker , C Wijesundera , PT Doyle , FR Dunshea
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S137
▪ Content : Background – There is increasing evidence that milk contains a range of lipids that can promote health. In Australia, seasonal variation in the nutritive characteristics of pasture is likely to be associated with seasonal variation in the concentrations of lipids in milk.
84

P68 Physical properties of thickened fluids used in dysphagia management

▪ Author : PA Sopade , PJ Halley , JAY Cichero , LC Ward , K Sharpe
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S137
▪ Content : Background – Dysphagia (swallowing disorders) affects 30-60% of nursing home residents giving rise to serious health issues, amongst which is dehydration is the most important affecting up to 25% of non-ambulatory residents. Thickened fluids are used to manage dysphagia but their efficacy is modified by the particular thickening agent, the liquid medium being thickened and lack of standardised preparation to achieve a given density and viscosity. Objective – To determine the rheological properties of fluids (fruit juices, cordials and milk) thickened with commercially available thickening agents.
85

P69 New resistivity constants for bioimpedance analysis of body composition

▪ Author : JM Dyer, LC Ward
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S138
▪ Content : Background – Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) is recognised as a more accurate method for the assessment of body composition than single frequency bioimpedance analysis (BIA). Nevertheless the method still relies on certain assumptions, most notably the assumed values for the resistivities of intra- and extracellular water (ICW and ECW respectively). Currently used values for adults originate from a study in an Italian population using D2O and Br dilution as reference methods for total body water (TBW) and ECW respectively.
86

P70 Assessment of body fluid volumes by bioimpedance analysis in the obese

▪ Author : LC Ward , C Verdich , TIA Soerensen , M Petersen , P Barbe and JM Oppert
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S138
▪ Content : Background – Although obesity is primarily an increase in the fat mass of the body the condition is also associated with changes in body fluid content. In the morbidly obese (BMI > 40 kgm-2 ) the extracellular water compartment (ECW) is often expanded such that the ECW:ICW (intracellular water) ratio is increased (> 0.8) and may remain so even after weight reduction.
87

P71 Fatty acid composition of dairy products derived from certified organic and conventional agricultural methods

▪ Author : A Wong, ZI Ahmad, J Phuyal, S Samman
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S139
▪ Content : Background – The potential for agricultural practices to influence the nutritional quality of food has long been debated particularly when comparing foods produced by organic and conventional agricultural methods. Whilst it has been established that different feeds affect the quality of cows' milk, there are relatively few studies that compare the effect of organic agricultural practices on the fatty acid composition of dairy products.
88

P72 The Victorian food security network

▪ Author : B Wood, J Osborne
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S139
▪ Content : Background – The VicHealth initiative Food for All: Improving access to food for healthy eating. A food security program will progress Victorian improvement in food security through a number of creative projects over several years. One of these projects is the e-based Food Security Network (1) auspiced by the Victorian Local Governance Association (VLGA).
89

Concurrent Session 3: Regulation of Protein Metabolism The optimal protein content of a western diet

▪ Author : M Noakes
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S40
▪ Content : Background – Surprisingly little is known about optimal protein intake and health. Estimates of protein requirement are based on several assumptions the relevance of which can be challenged for populations consuming western diets.
90

P73 Dietary deficiency of n-3 fatty acids affects BDNF gene expression and spatial learning behaviour in young rats

▪ Author : L Wang , Y Xiao , ZY Chen , RJ Xu
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S140
▪ Content : Background – Brain tissue contains large quantity of n-3 fatty acids, particularly decosahexaenoic acid (DHA). DHA is derived from its precursor alpha-linolenic acid, a dietary essential n-3 fatty acid, or it can be obtained directly from dietary sources. Dietary deficiency of n-3 fatty acids leads to impairment of spatial learning and memory in experimental animals, and dietary supplementation with DHA appears to improve mental development in human infants.
91

P74 Labelled magnitude scale for perceived satiety – a tool for diverse populations

▪ Author : MK Zalifah , DR Greenway , NA Caffin , B D’Arcy MJ Gidley
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S140
▪ Content : Background – The labelled magnitude scale (LMS) has been found to provide better discrimination of satiety 1 sensations compared to other scales for a homogenous population . Verbal anchors were placed on the scale to represent numerical ratios of perceived satiety. The satiety perception in a diverse population such as Australia may produce differences in the numerical ratios due to language acquisition and diversity.
92

P75 Does food architecture have an effect on perceived satiety?

▪ Author : MK Zalifah , B D’Arcy , NA Caffin MJ Gidley
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S141
▪ Content : Background – Food macronutrient composition is linked to satiety, but does not define the physical architecture of foods. Little is known about the effect of food architecture on satiety for the same macronutrient composition. Objective – To determine the effects of food architecture with other factors in determining perceived satiety. Design – Fifteen lean subjects (8 male, 7 female) who were non-smokers, non-diabetic, regular breakfast eaters, non-athletic, not on medication affecting appetite and complying to a questionnaire (1) were selected.
93

P76 Effect of food intake on total body bone mass accretion in Chinese girls

▪ Author : Q Zhang , H Greenfield ,K Zhu ,LH Foo ,GS Ma ,X Du ,CT Cowell, DR Fraser
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S141
▪ Content : Background – Nutrition is known to have an important influence on bone mass accretion during puberty. Objective – To assess, in a longitudinal study, the effect of differences in food intake on total body bone mass accretion in Chinese girls during puberty, using a mixed model analysis.
94

P77 Zinc assessment in Australian naturopathic practice: its influences, methodology and perceived validity

▪ Author : R J Arthur-Andrews, T Gruner
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S142
▪ Content : Background – Diminished taste acuity as an early symptom of zinc deficiency has been demonstrated in animals and humans. A number of trials have also documented hypogeusia in association with low zinc in patients with a variety of aetiologies and in ‘healthy’ individuals in different life-stages, while others have failed to demonstrate such a correlation. Diagnosis of hypogeusia in these studies has been based on a range of chemical gustometry designs and more recently electrogustometry techniques.
95

Health economics and weight management: evidence and cost

▪ Author : authors
▪ Keyword : keywords
▪ Content : abstract
96

Epidemiology and health impact of obesity: an Asia Pacific perspective

▪ Author : authors
▪ Keyword : keywords
▪ Content : abstract
97

Socio-economic factors in obesity: a case of slim chance in a fat world?

▪ Author : authors
▪ Keyword : keywords
▪ Content : Abstract
98

Weight management in transitional economies: the “double burden of disease” dilemma

▪ Author : authors
▪ Keyword : keywords
▪ Content : authors
99

State of the science: behavioural treatment of obesity

▪ Author : authors
▪ Keyword : keywords
▪ Content : abstract
100

Concurrent Session 3: Regulation of Protein Metabolism The protein leverage hypothesis in human obesity

▪ Author : SJ Simpson and D Raubenheimer
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S41
▪ Content : Background – The role of protein in the obesity crisis has, until recently, been largely ignored. This is for two reasons. First, protein provides the minor part of the human energy budget. Second, protein intake has remained far more constant over time and across populations than either fat or carbohydrate, both as a percentage of energy in the diet and in terms of absolute amounts eaten. Hence, while the obesity epidemic has spread, protein intake has remained relatively unchanged – giving the impression that protein cannot be responsible.
101

State of the science: a focus on physical activity

▪ Author : authors
▪ Keyword : keywords
▪ Content : abstract
102

State of the science: VLED (Very Low Energy Diet) for obesity

▪ Author : authors
▪ Keyword : keywords
▪ Content : abstract
103

Emerging pharmacotherapy for treating obesity and associated cardiometabolic risk

▪ Author : authors
▪ Keyword : keywords
▪ Content : abstract
104

Combined strategies in the management of obesity

▪ Author : authors
▪ Keyword : keywords
▪ Content : abstract
105

The Weight Management Code of Practice Australia as a framework for the commercial weight management sector

▪ Author : authors
▪ Keyword : keywords
▪ Content : abstract
106

A cost benefit analysis of weight management strategies

▪ Author : authors
▪ Keyword : keywords
▪ Content : abstract
107

Plenary 1: Nutrition in-utero Aspects of an Australian Aboriginal birth cohort: a unique resource for a life course study of an Indigenous population

▪ Author : D Mackerras, G Singh, S Sayers
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S22
▪ Content : Plenary 1: Nutrition in-utero Aspects of an Australian Aboriginal birth cohort: a unique resource for a life course study of an Indigenous population
108

Detecting variations in dietary protein intake: the roles of molecular sensors for amino acids

▪ Author : Arthur D Conigrave
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S41
▪ Content : Background: Dietary protein promotes growth and regulates appetite. In the gut, protein elicits digestive, absorptive and hormonal responses that facilitate nutrient disposal and the control of growth. In bone, dietary protein promotes bone density and resistance to fracture. The molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie these effects of protein, however, have been poorly understood.
109

Concurrent Session 3: Regulation of Protein Metabolism High protein or high carbohydrate diet for type 2diabetes: does it matter?

▪ Author : AM Marley, D Sibbritt, M Garg
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S42
▪ Content : Background – Medical nutrition therapy for the management of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is focussed on weight, glycaemic control and plasma lipids. Higher protein diets, when compared to high carbohydrate, low fat diets, may be beneficial for weight loss; effects on plasma lipids is variable. High protein diets, because weight and glycaemic control are related, may also result in improved glycaemic control.
110

The effect of a high protein vs high carbohydrate diet on cardiovascular risk factors

▪ Author : EA Delbridge , LA Prendergast , JE Pritchard , J Proietto
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S42
▪ Content : Background – The effects of high protein and high carbohydrate diets on cardiovascular risk factors are inconclusive. Few studies have examined the long-term effects in a free-living population. Objective – To determine the long-term effects of a high protein versus a high carbohydrate diet on cardiovascular risk factors post-weight loss.
111

Concurrent Session 4: Resistant Starch Controlling starch digestibility for human health

▪ Author : David L Topping, Tony Bird, Julie Clarke, Jennifer Keogh, Zhongyi Li, Matthew Morell et al
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S43
▪ Content : Rationale – Diet and life-style related illnesses are the major causes of disability and premature death in affluent westernised countries and are emerging also in countries in the Asian region with increasing affluence. Illnesses such as coronary heart disease, certain cancers (eg large bowel) and diabetes are a consequence of the ready availability of energy-dense, readily digestible, highly refined foods. Dietary change through altered purchasing practice is an effective means of risk reduction and modifying the carbohydrate content of foods is an important route to achieving this.
112

Concurrent Session 4: Resistant Starch Digestibility of starches: effects of polymer conformation and food structure

▪ Author : MJ Gidley, BM Flanagan, A Shrestha, A Lopez Rubio, E Gilbert, A Htoon et al
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S44
▪ Content : Background – Resistant starch is that fraction of dietary starch that escapes digestion in the human small intestine with consequent fermentation in the colon. There are three potential mechanisms by which unmodified starches may avoid hydrolysis by salivary and/or pancreatic alpha amylases. One is the presence of intact granules e.g. in uncooked grains, a second is through encapsulation of starches e.g. intact plant tissues that do not disintegrate during digestion, and the third is through adoption of double helical conformations by segments of starch molecules.
113

Concurrent Session 4: Resistant Starch Resistant starch and colonic mucosal integrity

▪ Author : MA Conlon , S Toden , AR Bird , DL Topping
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S45
▪ Content : Background – Complex carbohydrates are important for the function of the large bowel. Dietary resistant starch (RS) has an important role in this regard. It undergoes fermentation in the colon, resulting in the production of the short chain fatty acids (SCFA), especially butyrate, which helps maintain the normal phenotype of colonocytes. Recent human epidemiological and experimental studies also suggest that high dietary protein intakes have adverse effect on large bowel health.
114

Concurrent Session 4: Resistant Starch Resistant starch and animal production

▪ Author : JL Black
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S46
▪ Content : Background – Cereal grains with their high starch content are fed to livestock predominantly as a source of energy for rapid growth or high milk yield. The capacity of an individual grain sample to provide energy is known to vary widely between and within cereal and animal species.
115

Concurrent Session 5: Coronary Heart Disease Importance of soy protein and isoflavone intake for protection against heart disease

▪ Author : A Thorp, J Buckley, A Coates, T Mori, J Hodgson, J Mansour, P Howe and B Meyer
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S47
▪ Content : Background – Current health claims indicate that 25 g daily of soy protein (SP) may reduce the risk of heart disease by lowering cholesterol, particularly low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Whether the isoflavones (ISO) associated with the SP contribute to this benefit is still unclear. However, they may offer additional protection against heart disease by improving arterial dilatation and arterial compliance as a result of their ability to bind to endothelial oestrogen receptors and stimulate vasorelaxation.
116

A pilot Comprehensive Lifestyle Intervention Program (CLIP) compared with qualitative lifestyle advice and Simvastatin on cardiometabolic risk factors

▪ Author : M Noakes, PR Foster, G Brinkworth, J Keogh, J McKeough, G Williams, C Wilson, P Mohr, P Clifton
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S47
▪ Content : Background – With escalating costs of pharmaceuticals to manage cardiovascular risk factors, there is a need to develop more effective lifestyle intervention programs that can reduce the reliance on these agents. Objectives – To evaluate the efficacy of a pilot Comprehensive Lifestyle Intervention Program (CLIP) compared with qualitative lifestyle advice (L) and Simvastatin plus qualitative lifestyle (S+L) on cardiovascular risk factors in overweight hypercholesterolaemic individuals at mild-moderate cardiovascular risk.
117

Concurrent Session 5: Coronary Heart Disease Diet and lifestyle predict hospital admission for coronary disease in an Aboriginal cohort

▪ Author : V Burke , Y Zhao , A Lee , E Hunter , RM Spargo , M Gracey , RM Smith , LJ Beilin , IB Puddey
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S48
▪ Content : Background – Hospital admissions of Aboriginal Australians for coronary disease (CHD) are double those of non- indigenous Australians in men and fourfold in women (1), with greater average cost and length of stay (LOS). Objectives – To examine predictors of hospital admission and LOS for CHD in Aboriginal Australians. Design: In 1988-89, randomly selected Australian Aborigines (256 men, 258 women), aged 15-88 years, completed interviewer-administered questionnaires about diet, exercise, smoking and alcohol drinking.
118

Plenary 1: Nutrition in-utero Is nutrition in utero an antecedent of cardiovascular disease in later life?

▪ Author : RR Huxley, CG Owen, PH Whincup, DG Cook, J Rich-Edwards, G Davey Smith, R Collins
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S23
▪ Content : Background – The “fetal-origins” hypothesis of adult disease postulates that fetal undernutrition is associated with an increased susceptibility to the development of coronary heart disease (CHD) and allied disorders in later life. Individual published studies of the relation between size at birth and subsequent CHD risk factors have had limited statistical power to assess an association reliably, and explored the impact of confounding to differing degrees.
119

The effectiveness of DPA rich seal oil compared with fish oil on blood lipids

▪ Author : NJMann ,KBaldwin ,ISingh ,BMeyer
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S48
▪ Content : Background – Both eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n3) have been shown to have numerous health benefits. However, docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5n3) found particularly in red meat has been less well studied. The richest commercial source of DPA available is seal oil. Objective – To compare the effects of DPA rich seal oil supplementation with fish oil, on measures of platelet activation and other CVD risk markers.
120

Concurrent Session 5: Coronary Heart Disease Bioactives to promote cardiovascular health: Comparative efficacy of grape seed extracts on different vascular preparations

▪ Author : MY Abeywardena, GS Patten, MJ Adams, JA Dallimore, PF Rogers
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S49
▪ Content : Background – Diet based strategies to promote cardiovascular health are becoming increasingly popular, and recent studies have identified potential therapeutic roles in human health for specific dietary components (bioactives). At present, the main heart health ingredients are those with strong scientific evidence for their efficacy (eg n-3 PUFAs; plant sterols). The market for foods to promote heart health is expected to grow 60% in the next 5 years, and therefore high demand exists for novel bioactives so long as they are backed by good scientific evidence.
121

The green tea catechin, epigallocatechin gallate, lowers serum cholesterol and the cholesterol synthesis precursor, lathosterol, but not their ratio in the cholesterol-fed rabbit

▪ Author : N Naumovski, B Blades, PD Roach
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S49
▪ Content : Background – Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), considered to be the active component of green tea, has yet to be shown to lower cholesterol in the cholesterol-fed hypercholesterolaemic rabbit model. Furthermore, cholesterol reduction by EGCG may involve the reduction of cholesterol synthesis through inhibition of squalene epoxidase. Objectives – To determine the effects of EGCG on serum cholesterol and on the cholesterol synthesis precursor, lathosterol, in the cholesterol-fed rabbit model of hypercholesterolaemia.
122

Concurrent Session 5: Coronary Heart Disease Determinants of platelet aggregation – implications for nutrition intervention trials

▪ Author : EH Clayton, M Phang, ML Garg
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S50
▪ Content : Background – Increased platelet aggregation or “stickiness” is associated with the progression of coronary atherosclerosis, coronary thrombosis and myocardial infarction (MI). Inhibiting platelet aggregation reduces the risk 12 of MI. Platelet aggregation tendency increases with age and with increased risk of heart disease and may be 3reducedbyanumberoffoodgroupsincludingseafood,garlic,tomatoorchilli.Objective – To determine background factors that influence the tendency of platelets to aggregate using a whole- blood impedance aggregometer.
123

Adiponectin blood pressure and weight loss

▪ Author : JB Keogh, PM Clifton
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S50
▪ Content : Background – Adiponectin is reduced in obesity and may be associated with atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. Hypoadiponectinemia may also contribute to the development of obesity-related hypertension. Objective – To determine the blood pressure and adiponectin responses to weight loss. Design – Weight loss study in 25 obese men and women over a 12 month period.
124

Concurrent Session 6: Evidence Based Nutrition Evidence based nutrition: a perinatal experience involving long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids

▪ Author : M Makrides
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S51
▪ Content : Background – The process of evidence based practice involves a lengthy cycle of research, systematic review of all relevant data, implementation of the research/systematic review findings, evaluation, and modification of the implementation or more research, which ever is required. However in practice, this cycle is not always apparent. Objective – The aim of this paper is to examine the process of the evidence-based cycle in the research process and the translation of data relating to omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) requirements in the perinatal period.
125

Concurrent Session 6: Evidence Based Nutrition Dietary lycopene and asthma control: A randomized control trial

▪ Author : LG Wood , ML Garg , H Powell , PG Gibso
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S52
▪ Content : Background – An antioxidant-rich diet has been associated with reduced asthma prevalence in epidemiological studies. However, there has been no direct evidence that altering the intake of antioxidant-rich foods affects asthma outcomes. Objectives – This study aimed to investigate changes in asthma control and airway inflammation resulting from a low antioxidant diet and subsequent use of lycopene-rich supplements.
126

Zinc status of toddlers at baseline of a randomised-controlled diet intervention trial

▪ Author : EJ Morgan , EL Ferguson , A-LM Heath , AR Gray , EA Szymlek-Gay , K Bailey , RS Gibson
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S52
▪ Content : Background –There is evidence to suggest that mild zinc deficiency may be present in New Zealand (NZ) children. Toddlers may be at an increased risk of zinc deficiency due to their high zinc requirements for growth and low intakes of meat, which is a highly bioavailable source of dietary zinc.
127

Concurrent Session 6: Evidence Based Nutrition A comparison of diet quality in young Australian women according to pregnancy status

▪ Author : AJ Hure , AF Young , R Smith , CE Collins
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S53
▪ Content : Background – Many studies of pregnancy include a dietary assessment component, yet we are lacking nationally representative data describing diet quality during this lifestage. Objectives – To investigate the overall diet quality of young Australian women, and to compare this according to pregnancy status, defined as: pregnant, actively trying to conceive, given birth in the previous 12 months, or otherwise not pregnant.
128

Diet and lifestyle predict mortality and morbidity in Australian Aborigines

▪ Author : V Burke , Y Zhao , A Lee , E Hunter , RM Spargo , M Gracey , RM Smith , LJ Beilin , IB Puddey
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S53
▪ Content : Background – Lifestyle diseases substantially influence increased mortality in Aboriginal Australians relative to the non-indigenous population. Poor nutrition, sedentary behaviour, alcohol-drinking, and smoking have been implicated, using cross-sectional data. We have examined unique longitudinal data which include aspects of diet and lifestyle and cardiovascular risk factors in a cohort of WA Aborigines with follow-up of mortality and hospital data. Objectives – To examine predictors of CHD and all-cause mortality in Aboriginal Australians.
129

Fred Clements Memorial Lecture Nutrition through the life cycle: building on a long tradition

▪ Author : I Darnton-Hill
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S24
▪ Content : Background – The ‘science of nutrition and the science and art of dietetics can be likened to a rope of many strands twisted around a central core representing food with a series of inputs representing progressively the various sciences and then several of the humanities…’(1). In likening the ever-expanding range of the nutritional sciences beyond ‘vitamins, cholesterol, sugar and fats’, Dr Fred Clements showed his characteristic breadth of thinking that made this unassuming scientist a major influence in the course of nutrition, and its teaching, in Australia for decades.
130

Concurrent Session 7: Comparative Nutrition – Production animals relevant to human nutrition Compensatory growth in pigs and the impact of catch up growth in humans

▪ Author : CL Collins , BJ Leury , FR Dunshea
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S54
▪ Content : Background – Compensatory growth (or catch up growth) is the greater than normal growth of an animal following a period of nutritional restriction. In grazing animals, compensatory growth responses are commonly observed due to variations in seasonal conditions and hence pasture supply and quality.
131

Concurrent Session 7: Comparative Nutrition – Production animals relevant to human nutrition Incorporation of omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids into the diet of chickens: how long do they need to be fed to effect changes in intermediary metabolism?

▪ Author : RE Newman , SJ Wilkinson WA Buttemer JA Downing
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S55
▪ Content : Background – The role of dietary fatty acids (FA) and their subsequent effects on metabolism has received considerable attention in mammalian species. It is becoming increasingly clear that fatty acids have metabolic consequences over and above their influence on energy density of the diet. Recent studies have linked changes in the fatty acyl composition of the cell membrane, induced by variation in the dietary fat profile, to alterations in both lipid and glucose metabolism .
132

Concurrent Session 7: Comparative Nutrition – Production animals relevant to human nutrition Dietary fat does more than simply providing energy: experience with pigs

▪ Author : DJ Henman, AC Philpotts
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S56
▪ Content : Background – The addition of fats to pig diets has primarily concentrated on the contribution to the energy component of the diet, principally the digestible energy content. The results of experiments where pigs were kept under individual (ideal) housed conditions are consistent in that the pigs adjusted their voluntary feed intake with digestible energy (DE) density to maintain a constant energy intake (1).
133

Concurrent Session 7: Comparative Nutrition – Production animals relevant to human nutrition Endocrine control of feeding behaviour in the pig: how does it differ from the human?

▪ Author : PC Wynn, M Gresham, K Scrimgeour and RE Newman
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S57
▪ Content : Background – The major advances in our understanding of the central and peripheral regulators of energy homeostasis has provided new pathways for exploitation for controlling weight gain and obesity in humans and boosting feed intake and productivity in the pig industry. These factors are directed by both chronic and acute mechanisms designed to co-ordinate energy balance and the flow of substrate between tissues.
134

Concurrent Session 8: Lipids in human health Genotypic variation in muscle fatty acid composition of pure and cross-bred yearling sheep

▪ Author : EN Ponnampalam , RD Warner , DL Hopkins , AJ Sinclair , FR Dunshea
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S58
▪ Content : Background – Ruminant depot fat has a high saturated fatty acids (SFA) to polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) ratio due to ruminal hydrogenation of dietary FA. However, the lipid contained in trimmed lamb (intramuscular fat) contains a higher proportion of PUFA and omega-3 (ω-3) FA than depot lipid and may provide important sources of these FA. Objectives – To determine the variation in muscle FA between genotypes in 14 month old yearling sheep.
135

Dose dependent changes in plasma triglycerides with DHA supplementation

▪ Author : AMCoates, CMMilte JDBuckley, AFerranteand PRCHowe
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S58
▪ Content : Background – Increased consumption of the long chain omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA) is associated with a reduction in cardiovascular (CV) and inflammatory risk factors but it is unclear what level of intake is required to achieve benefits. Objective – The aim of this study was to establish a relationship between changes in red blood cell (RBC) membrane DHA levels and changes in CV and inflammatory risk factors.
136

Concurrent Session 8: Lipids in human health Omega-3 during pregnancy: balance between risks and benefits

▪ Author : DS Sinikovic , H Yeatman , D Cameron , BJ Meyer
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S59
▪ Content : Background – Pregnant women and their babies are a priority public health target group. Long Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (LC n-3 PUFA) and their importance during pregnancy have been studied extensively over the years. It is not known if adequate amount of information is available to pregnant women from their health professionals in relation to risks and benefits of omega-3 (n-3).
137

Differential effects of dietary fatty acids on genes associated with liver fat metabolism

▪ Author : M McGlynn and P Lewandowski
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S59
▪ Content : Background – It has been recognized that specific fatty acids have the ability to directly influence the abundance of gene transcripts in organs such as the liver. However little comparison has been made between the effects of common dietary of fatty acids and there influence on gene expression.
138

Concurrent Session 8: Lipids in human health Predictors of variation in likelihood to purchase products derived from genetically modified oilseeds as sources of long chain omega-3 fatty acids

▪ Author : DN Cox, G Evans, HJ Lease
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S60
▪ Content : Background – Long chain omega-3 fatty acids (LCO3FA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have a range of specific health benefits in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases, particularly coronary heart disease (CHD). Australian experts’ recently recommended intakes of 610 mg /day for men and 430 mg /day for women (1). However recent estimates suggest that Australians consume, on average, only 189 mg of LCO3FA/day (2).
139

Concurrent Session 9: Public Health Nutrition The cost of a healthy diet

▪ Author : E Dresler-Hawke
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S61
▪ Content : Background – The ability to have a healthy diet on a low income is thought to be a major problem, which contributes to the widening inequalities in nutrition and health. It is perceived that many people can not afford to meet the recommended 400g of fruit and vegetable a day. Objective – To conduct market research on the price of the selected fresh fruit and vegetables to determine the daily cost of meeting the 5-a-day initiative in New Zealand.
140

New Zealand Nutrition Society: Muriel Bell Lecture Selenium: Its role in health and disease

▪ Author : Christine D Thomson
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S25
▪ Content : New Zealand was once known as one of the lowest selenium (Se) environments in the world, but the implications in terms of human health were not clear. In 1988 Ray Burk described the situation as “selenium deficiency in search of a disease” (1), which reflected the uncertainties at that time. Clearly there were many ‘selenophiles’ who believed that Se was a cure for all ills, including cancer, cardiovascular disease (CVD), rheumatoid arthritis, male infertility and many others, while other researchers were more cautious because of the lack of clear evidence for these associations.
141

Why do socio economically disadvantaged women have poorer diets?

▪ Author : V Inglis, K Ball, D Crawford
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S61
▪ Content : Background – In developed countries, persons of low socioeconomic status (SES), particularly women, are less likely to consume diets consistent with dietary guidelines. Little is known about the mechanisms that influence SES differences in eating behaviours and food purchases. Cost is a strong influence on food purchases and given that persons of low SES often have more limited budgets, healthier foods such as fruit and vegetables may be overlooked in favour of less healthy, more energy-dense lower cost options.
142

Concurrent Session 9: Public Health Nutrition Changes in the antecedents of obesity in Australia between 1976 and 2005

▪ Author : L Kent, A Worsley
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S62
▪ Content : Background – The prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes have increased over the last 20 years while mortality from coronary heart disease has been declining. The reasons for these changes remain relatively unclear as longitudinal data on predictors of obesity change are scarce. Objective – To understand the food and lifestyle antecedents of BMI and their changes over time between 1976 and 2005.
143

Reduction in dietary energy density following group education session

▪ Author : LJ Riddell , M Lowe , S McKinney
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S62
▪ Content : Background – Low energy dense diets are associated with reduced energy intakes and are promoted as a sustainable strategy for long term weight control. Objectives – To determine if eduction sessions on ways to reduce dietary energy density (ED) can successfully decrease the energy density of diets consumed by women following weight reduction.
144

Concurrent Session 9: Public Health Nutrition An index of diet and eating patterns for a healthy lifestyle

▪ Author : SA McNaughton , K Ball , GD Mishra , D Crawford
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S63
▪ Content : Background – Diet indices reflecting recommended or optimal eating patterns have been suggested as a method for describing dietary patterns however there is little published work on indices relevant to the Australian context. Objective – The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a food-based dietary index to reflect adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Australian Adults and the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating for use in epidemiology.
145

Nutrition, health and related claims on Australian foods

▪ Author : N Gately , AW Barclay
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S63
▪ Content : Background – Legislation for regulating nutrition, health and related claims on foods in Australia and New Zealand is currently under review. It has been proposed that in future, all claims be regulated through the Food Standards Code (1), as the current co-regulatory system comprising the Food Standards Code and Code of Practice on Nutrient Claims (2) is not fully enforceable, and may inadvertently lead to consumer deception.
146

Satellite Symposium Probiotics: Current Challenges and New Opportunities Lactobacillus GG: probiotic activity and criteria for new probiotics

▪ Author : AS Salminen and Y Benno
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S64
▪ Content : Background – A probiotic has been defined as a viable microbial food supplement, which beneficially influences the health of the host (1). Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (=ATCC 53013) is one of the best-documented probiotics in the human studies and this experience forms the basis for future developments. Objectives – We evaluated the mechanisms of probiotics and the target identification for probiotic use. Based on the assessment a rationale for probiotics and future probiotic developments has been formulated.
147

How to develop a new probiotic combination

▪ Author : R Korpela , K Kajander , S Tynkkynen , R Kekkonen , E Myllyluoma , M Saxelin
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S64
▪ Content : Background – New probiotic combinations are an opportunity to develop more targeted products for different consumer groups or health problems. The general criteria for an industrially interesting probiotic are safety, survival in the gastrointestinal tract, adhesion, colonisation, documented physiological effects shown in clinical trials, and technological feasibility.
148

Satellite Symposium Probiotics: Current Challenges and New Opportunities Adhesion and competitive exclusion - basis for development of new probiotics

▪ Author : MC Collado , J Meriluoto , S Salminen
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S65
▪ Content : Background – Adhesion and colonization of the mucosal surfaces by probiotics are possible protective mechanisms against pathogens through competition for binding sites and nutrients (2) or immune modulation (1). Objectives – The objective was to test the abilities to inhibit, to displace and to compete with pathogens in order to screen the most effective adhesive probiotic combination, and to develop methods for new probiotic characterization.
149

Safety of probiotics

▪ Author : DC Donohue
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S65
▪ Content : Background – New species and more specific strains of probiotic bacteria are constantly being sought for novel probiotic products. Their safety cannot be assumed. Prior to incorporating novel strains into products a careful evaluation of their efficacy is required and an assessment made as to whether they share the safety status of traditional food-grade organisms. Probiotic products which claim specific nutritional, functional or therapeutic characteristics blur the boundaries between what is a food, a diet supplement or a medicine, posing challenges for regulators.
150

Satellite Symposium Probiotics: Current Challenges and New Opportunities Delivery of probiotics to the gastrointestinal tract for optimal efficacy

▪ Author : A Henriksson , P Su , L Zhang , H Mitchell
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S66
▪ Content : Background – Several studies demonstrate that probiotic cultures have beneficial effects on human health. Some of these studies have used food products as delivery vehicles, whereas other studies have used dietary supplements to deliver probiotics to the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). It is hypothesised that (1) the physiological state of the probiotic cells will affect their survivability and beneficial activity, particularly in the harsh conditions of the human stomach, and that (2) consuming probiotics in conjunction with food will improve survival and activity of probiotics in the GIT.
151

Plenary 2: Nutrition for Childhood and Adolescence Global policy towards improving nutrition and health in childhood and adolescence

▪ Author : I Darnton-Hill, B Cogill
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S79
▪ Content : Background - UNICEF has recently highlighted the fact that there are 146 million children under 5 yr of age five who are underweight (<-2SD W/A) (1). Whereas the proportion of under-weight children has decreased globally, the numbers in sub-Saharan Africa have actually increased. Over a third of births in South Asia are low weight predisposing to increased morbidity, mortality and intergenerational stunting.
152

Clinical studies on alleviating the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome

▪ Author : K Kajander, H Vapaatalo, R Korpela
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S66
▪ Content : Background – Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common diagnoses in gastroenterology, but current therapies are inefficient. Recent clinical trials suggest beneficial effects of certain probiotics in IBS. Objective – The aim was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of a probiotic combination (L. rhamnosus GG, L. rhamnosus Lc705, P. freudenreichii ssp. shermanii JS and a bifidobacterium) in IBS patients.
153

Plenary 3: Micronutrients - Iodine The current status of iodine nutrition in Australia

▪ Author : CJ Eastman
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S67
▪ Content : odine of maternal origin is essential for brain development during foetal and early neonatal life. Globally, iodine deficiency is the leading cause of preventable mental handicap. Individually, the developing brain is extremely vulnerable to even minor degrees of maternal hypothyroxinemia secondary to iodine deficiency. Even mild, clinically unrecognisable, hypothyroxinemia can cause serious irreversible neuromotor deficits rendering a child handicapped for life. The invisibility of the deficiency makes it all the more dangerous.
154

Plenary 3: Micronutrients - Iodine Iodine deficiency in those most at risk: pregnant women and very young children

▪ Author : SA Skeaff
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S68
▪ Content : Iodine is essential for normal development of the brain and central nervous system. It is not surprising, therefore, that the dietary requirements for iodine are highest during pregnancy, lactation, and early childhood. Despite the importance of an adequate intake of iodine at these stages in the life cycle, there is increasing evidence that pregnant women and very young children in Australia and NZ are iodine deficient.
155

Plenary 3: Micronutrients - Iodine Fortifying the Australian and New Zealand food supply with iodine

▪ Author : C Thoma and D Mackerras
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S69
▪ Content : Background – Evidence from studies and surveys have shown that New Zealand and some parts of Australia are experiencing a re-emergence of mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency over the past 20 years. Food Standards Australia New Zealand has been asked by the Australia and New Zealand Food Regulation Ministerial Council to give priority consideration to increasing the iodine content of the food supply. Objective – To reduce the prevalence of iodine deficiency in affected parts of Australia and in New Zealand by means of mandatory iodine fortification of food.
156

Concurrent Session 10: AWASH – Salt, the hidden dietary guidelines The adverse health effects of the current intake of dietary salt

▪ Author : CA Nowson
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S70
▪ Content : Background – Thirty percent of Australians have high blood pressure and the incidence of hypertension rises with age, such that between 60 and 70 years, 70% of the population has hypertension [1]. Hypertension is a major risk factor for the development of coronary disease and strokes. There is a large body of evidence implicating high intakes of dietary sodium to hypertension.
157

Concurrent Session 10: AWASH – Salt, the hidden dietary guidelines Salt - the need for action

▪ Author : GA MacGregor
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S71
▪ Content : Worldwide, raised blood pressure throughout its range is the major cause of death and the second leading cause of disability after childhood malnutrition and this is through the strokes, heart attacks and heart failure it causes. More than 60% of all strokes and approximately half of all heart disease is due to raised blood pressure.
158

Concurrent Session 10: AWASH – Salt, the hidden dietary guidelines Removing salt from the Australian food supply – the success of the Heart Foundation Tick Program

▪ Author : S Anderson
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S72
▪ Content : Background – The National Heart Foundation of Australia has advocated that Australians eat less salt for more than forty years. A recent review by the Heart Foundation to determine whether a causal association exists between a decrease in dietary sodium intake and CVD risk reduction confirms that there is good evidence that reducing dietary sodium intake will lower blood pressure (1). Much of the salt consumed by Australians is from the food supply rather than the salt shaker.
159

Concurrent Session 10: AWASH – Salt, the hidden dietary guidelines An industry response to salt reduction

▪ Author : M Cobcroft
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S73
▪ Content : Background – Data are limited but it is estimated that Australians currently consume in the order of 150mmol sodium (9.0g salt) per day [1] compared to the Suggested Dietary Target of 70mmol sodium (4.0g salt) per day [2]. 75% of salt in the Western diet is likely to come from processed foods such as breads, cereals and ready prepared foods [3]. By reducing the sodium content of these foods, food manufacturers can remove significant volumes of sodium from the food supply with potentially significant benefits for population blood pressure levels.
160

Concurrent Session 11: Trace Elements I Zinc homeostasis – insights from inherited disorders of zinc metabolism

▪ Author : ML Ackland, AA Michalczyk
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S74
▪ Content : Background – Zinc is an essential trace element required for growth and development. Nutritional zinc deficiency causes dermatitis, diarrhoea, reduced wound healing, neurological disturbances and increased susceptibility to infections. Zinc deficiency rates within the top 20 selected leading risk factors in relation to global deaths (1), however the extent of zinc deficiency is difficult to determine as there is no reliable indicator of body zinc status.
161

Concurrent Session 11: Trace Elements I The bioavailability of selenium in Brazil nuts

▪ Author : CD Thomson, A Chisholm, JM Campbell, SK McLachlan
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S75
▪ Content : Background – There is growing evidence to suggest that higher than recommended dietary intakes of selenium (Se) confer additional health benefits (1), and many individuals are interested in supplementing their diet. Brazil nuts are the richest known natural food source of Se, yet no studies have investigated their efficacy in humans in raising Se status.
162

Plenary 2: Nutrition for Childhood and Adolescence Milk and calcium intakes and bone mineral accretion during puberty in Chinese girls

▪ Author : K Zhu , H Greenfield ,Q Zhang ,X Du,GS Ma ,LH Foo,CT Cowell, DR Fraser
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S32
▪ Content : Background - Little is known about the bone mineral accretion rate and the relationship between habitual dietary intakes and bone mineral accretion during puberty in Chinese girls habitually consuming plant-based diets low in calcium. Objectives - To evaluate the rate of bone mineral accretion during puberty in Chinese girls and to study the association between calcium and milk intake and bone mineral accretion rate.
163

Concurrent Session 11: Trace Elements I Selenium intake of Northern Tasmanian adults

▪ Author : JM Beckett, MJ Ball, IK Robertson
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S76
▪ Content : Background – Selenium is an essential trace element with well established antioxidant and redox related biological roles. There is increasing evidence relating to its importance in the prevention of chronic disease such as cancer. Objectives – The aims of this study were to estimate the dietary selenium intake of a sample of northern Tasmanian adults; to determine dietary differences between genders and establish the major contributing food groups.
164

Enrichment of selenium in milk protein linearly increases blood selenium and improves immune function

▪ Author : JJ Cottrell , EJ Milne , M Menidis , LE Brown , FR Dunshea , GP Walker , HS Gill
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S76
▪ Content : Background – Selenium (Se), an essential micronutrient, is incorporated into cells and proteins of the immune system, boosting immune function. Incorporation of micronutrients into biological materials (fortification), is proposed to improve micronutrient absorption. Recently technologies have been developed to increase the incorporation of micronutrients into cow’s milk.
165

Concurrent Session 11: Trace Elements I Selenised casein increases expression of glutathione peroxidase in the colon of azoxymethane treated Sprague Dawley rat

▪ Author : R Uglietta , GH McIntosh , B Scherer , S Lesno , PJ Royle , FR Dunshea
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S77
▪ Content : Background – While Se intakes of Australian and New Zealand consumers are sufficient to ensure no overt signs of deficiency, the relatively low intakes may contribute the risk for some cancers. However, Se supplementation is problematic, as high Se intake can be toxic, particularly if the source is inorganic. Protein-bound Se is more bioactive and less toxic than inorganic forms of Se and there is interest in delivering Se in organic forms in food products. Objectives – To use real time RT-PCR to determine the colonic gene expression of important selenoproteins and genes involved in development of some colon cancers in rats fed Se-enriched casein or yeast.
166

Effect of a selenium and iodine intervention on thyroid status of older New Zealanders

▪ Author : J M Campbell , C D Thomson , S A Skeaff , J C Miller , V Livingstone
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S77
▪ Content : Background – Suboptimal status of selenium and iodine has been reported in New Zealand adults. This is likely to be exacerbated in older adults who are particularly prone to inappropriate dietary intakes and inadequate nutrient status. Both selenium and iodine are essential for optimal thyroid hormone metabolism. To our knowledge, no studies have investigated the effect of a combined selenium and iodine intervention on thyroid status in both a low selenium and iodine region.
167

Concurrent Session 12: Nutrition for the elderly Nutritional intake of Australian elderly requiring low level care

▪ Author : J Woods , KZ Walker , S Iuliano-Burns , BJ Strauss
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S78
▪ Content : Background – Many elderly are at increased risk of poor nutritional intake following increased sedentary behaviour and low food consumption impacted on by other complex social and psychological factors. Most studies investigating the nutritional status of the elderly focus on those in nursing homes (high level care) or free-living elderly in the community. Few studies have examined those living in hostels (low level care). Objective – To determine the nutritional status of elderly residents in low level care.
168

A 5-year randomised controlled trial of the effects of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on hip bone mineral density in elderly ambulant Australian women

▪ Author : K Zhu ,A Devine ,I MDick ,RL Prince
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S78
▪ Content : Background – Postmenopausal women are at increased risk of secondary hyperparathyroidism resulting in reduction in bone mass because of loss of the beneficial effects of estrogen on stimulation of intestinal calcium absorption and reduction of renal calcium excretion. Objective – To evaluate the relative benefits of vitamin D and calcium supplementation compared to calcium alone on hip bone mineral density (BMD) in ambulant elderly Western Australian women aged 70-80 years at baseline.
169

Concurrent Session 12: Nutrition for the elderly High incidence of vitamin B12 and vitamin D deficiencies in the elderly

▪ Author : FM O’Leary, JMK Wai, J Bennett, V Flood, P Petocz, S Samman
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S79
▪ Content : Background – Malnutrition is common in the elderly. Vitamin B12 is of particular interest as deficiency is linked to chronic diseases including dementia, osteoporosis, stroke and macular degeneration. Objective – To examine the extent and determinants of malnutrition, including micronutrient deficiencies in an aged care rehabilitation unit.
170

Risk factors for falls and fractures in aged care residents: can improving nutrition better the odds?

▪ Author : S Iuliano-Burns, X-F Wang, J Woods, E Seeman
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S79
▪ Content : Background – Falls and fractures are common in aged-care residents and are a costly health burden. Sub-optimal nutritional intake, especially that of calcium, protein and vitamin D may contribute to fragility fractures and falls risk either by directly affecting metabolic process or functions, or by affecting body composition. Objectives – To determine the risk factors for falls and fractures in ambulatory aged care residents.
171

Concurrent Session 12: Nutrition for the elderly Energy and nutrient intake within residential aged-care facilities: results from a selection of Melbourne facilities

▪ Author : P Chubb , N Mann , Y Coleman
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S80
▪ Content : Background – The elderly living in residential aged-care facilities are particularly at risk of nutritional inadequacies due to their overall health status, state of dependency and general lack of control over food provision. Objective – To measure energy and nutrient intakes in aged-care facilities and evaluate against dietary recommendations.
172

Concurrent Session 13: Trace elements II Efficacy and side effects of iron supplements for the correction of anaemia in pregnant women: a comparison of high dose vs. low dose iron

▪ Author : SJ Zhou, RA Gibson, M Makrides
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S81
▪ Content : Background – Anaemia is relatively common in pregnancy and the most common cause is iron deficiency. Despite lack of evidence on the most effective way to treat anaemia in pregnancy, it is often treated with high doses iron that may cause gastrointestinal side effects, interfere with mineral absorption and cause haemoconcentration. Both severe anaemia and haemoconcentration have been linked with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Objective - To compare the efficacy and side effects of low dose vs. high dose iron supplements in treating anaemia in pregnant women.
173

Concurrent Session 1: Nutrition for Childhood and Adolescence Adolescence nutrition – needs, behaviours and consequences

▪ Author : KS Steinbeck
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S33
▪ Content : Adolescence is a time of rapid physical and psychosocial change. Physical changes include the growth spurt and pubertal maturation, which require nutritional adequacy and which result in significant changes in body composition. The psychosocial tasks of adolescence, which are essential to the transition to functioning adulthood, include increased independence from family of origin and integration into the peer group, which in turn alter many lifestyle behaviours.
174

Concurrent Session 12: Nutrition for the elderly High incidence of vitamin B12 and vitamin D deficiencies in the elderly

▪ Author : FMO’Leary, JMK Wai, J Bennett , V Flood ,P Petocz ,S Samman
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S79
▪ Content : Background – Malnutrition is common in the elderly. Vitamin B12 is of particular interest as deficiency is linked to chronic diseases including dementia, osteoporosis, stroke and macular degeneration. Objective – To examine the extent and determinants of malnutrition, including micronutrient deficiencies in an aged care rehabilitation unit.
175

Iron stores diminish over time in 12-20 month old New Zealand children

▪ Author : EA Szymlek-Gay , A-LM Heath , EL Ferguson , AR Gray , RS Gibson
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S81
▪ Content : Background – Recent cross-sectional research suggests that iron stores diminish with age in the first two years of life. Objectives – To determine the dynamics of serum ferritin (SF) concentration over a five month period in a sample of healthy 12-20 month old New Zealand (NZ) children.
176

Study of dietary intake of trace elements from the Australian diet

▪ Author : G Duffy, J Baines
▪ Keyword : keywords
▪ Content : abstract
177

Concurrent Session 14: Folate Preventing neural tube defects in Australia and New Zealand with folic acid: predicted effectiveness of mandatory fortification compared with supplementation

▪ Author : CM Skeaff, TJ Green
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S83
▪ Content : Background – Folic acid taken before conception and through early pregnancy reduces the risk of neural tube defects. The amount of folic acid (400 μg/d) proven in randomised control trials to prevent neural tube defects far exceeds that readily obtained by eating foods naturally rich in folate. Therefore, population strategies to reduce rates of neural tube defects require either the addition of folic acid to foods that are consumed regularly by women of child-bearing age or increasing the proportion of women who take folic acid supplements during the critical period.
178

Concurrent Session 14: Folate Folate: Analytical methods for foods

▪ Author : S Vishnumohan, J Arcot
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S84
▪ Content : Background – Analytical methods have been a limitation in the study of folates due to their inability to distinguish accurately between the added form (folic acid) and naturally occurring forms in foods. This is critical in view of the need for accurate data in establishing folate composition, requirements and assessing the bioavailability of the vitamin. The complexity, diversity and instability of folates are substantial obstacles encountered in the development and selection of analytical methods.
179

Concurrent Session 14: Folate Enhancing folate levels in cereal products

▪ Author : V Piironen , S Kariluoto , K-H Liukkonen
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S85
▪ Content : Background – Folate is a B vitamin, which acts as a coenzyme in single carbon transfer reactions to synthesize components of DNA, RNA and proteins. Folate deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia and neural tube defects. In addition, association of folate with cardiovascular diseases, certain cancers and cognitive disorders is under active research. In many countries folate intake has been shown to fall below recommendations. Therefore, mandatory or voluntary fortification is widely accomplished. In countries, which do not practice fortification, enhancing folate levels by other means is important.
180

Concurrent Session 14: Folate The association of dietary folate with serum and red cell folate is modulated by the G80A reduced folate carrier single nucleotide polymorphism in an elderly population sample

▪ Author : PD Roach, L Dufficy, N Naumovski, X Ng, B Blades , C Travers, P Lewis, J Sturm, M Veysey,MD Lucock
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S86
▪ Content : Background – There are various polymorphisms in the genes coding for enzymes and carriers involved in folate metabolism which are known to affect folate distribution and disposition. Recently, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the reduced folate carrier (RFC) has been found to modulate the uptake of folate by cells. The SNP, a change from guanine to adenine at position 80 of exon 2 of the gene (G80A RCF) leads to an arginine replacing a histidine in the expressed RCF protein.
181

Concurrent Session 15: Diet and health The effect of a low glycemic index diet during pregnancy on obstetric outcomes

▪ Author : RG Moses , MJ Luebcke , WS Davis , KJ Coleman , LC Tapsell , P Petocz and JC Brand-Miller
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S87
▪ Content : Background – Pregnancy is a condition where the GI concept may be of particular relevance because maternal glucose is the main energy substrate for intrauterine growth (1-2). Objectives – The aim was to compare the effects of a low GI and conventional dietary strategy on pregnancy outcomes in healthy women. Compliance and acceptability were also investigated.
182

The effect of dietary modifications on cortisol secretion

▪ Author : SJ Torres, CA Nowson
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S87
▪ Content : Background – Cortisol is a key hormone in the response to stress, and depression, anxiety and stress are associated with increased daily cortisol secretion. Dietary factors may influence daily cortisol secretion. Objective – To assess the effect on cortisol secretion of two diets: a high-calcium diet, rich in low-fat dairy foods (HC) and a low-sodium, high-potassium diet, rich in fruits and vegetables (LNAHK) with a moderate-sodium, high- potassium, high-calcium “DASH” type diet, high in fruits, vegetables and low-fat dairy foods (OD).
183

Concurrent Session 15: Diet and health Weight loss with and without exercise improves cardiovascular disease risk markers, but not endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes

▪ Author : T Wycherley , GD Brinkworth , JD Buckley , M Noakes , XS Cleanthous , PM Clifton
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S88
▪ Content : Background – Endothelial dysfunction is a key feature of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and plays a significant role in the early development of atherosclerosis. While lifestyle interventions incorporating weight loss and increased physical activity are advocated as the first line of treatment for T2D, the effects of weight loss, particularly when combined with exercise training on endothelial function in patients with T2D are largely unknown.
184

Concurrent Session 1: Nutrition for Childhood and Adolescence Birth size, postnatal growth and obesity

▪ Author : SP Garnett
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S34
▪ Content : Obesity is a serious public health problem in Australia. The most recently available national representative data from the 1990s suggest that approximately 19-23% of Australian children and adolescents are overweight or obese and there is evidence to suggest that the prevalence is increasing. Data from five recent surveys over the periods 1969 to 1997 show that the prevalence of overweight increased by 60-70% and the prevalence of obesity trebled. The changes in prevalence between 1969 and 1985 were smaller than the subsequent 12 years indicating that the rates of obesity may also be accelerating.
185

A novel whey protein hydrolysate (NatraBoost XR) enhances recovery of isometric muscle torque following eccentric exercise

▪ Author : JD Buckley , R Thomson R , AM Coates , M Rowney , PRC Howe
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S88
▪ Content : Background – A novel hydrolysate (NatraBoost XR, NBXR) of whey protein isolate (WPI) reduced production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and increased cell growth in vitro. Objectives – This study examined whether feeding NBXR could enhance recovery of muscle function following eccentric exercise.
186

Concurrent Session 16: Nutrition for indigenous populations Nutrition for indigenous populations in Australia

▪ Author : L Jackson Pulver and P Craig
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S89
▪ Content : Background – We will describe briefly the continuing gap in health and life expectancy between the Aboriginal and the broader Australian peoples. While some important advances have occurred in Indigenous health in other countries, Aboriginal people in Australia continue to experience significant inequalities in terms of life expectancy at birth, life chances, health status and life expectancy at almost any age compared to the rest of the population. In addition, the Aboriginal population is only 2.8% of the total, which raises the question of why such a small and geographically dispersed population continues to experience such high levels of social, material and health disadvantage (1).
187

Concurrent Session 17: Dietary Antioxiants and Health Biochemical parameters of anthocyanins that determine the health benefits of blackcurrants and other anthocyanin-containing fruit

▪ Author : R Vather, H Martin, J Au, TK McGhie
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S90
▪ Content : Background – Berry fruit have very high antioxidant capacities as determined by in vitro antioxidant assays such as the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORACFL) and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. In a selection of blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) genotypes we have found that antioxidant capacities (ORACFL) vary from 71 to 194 μmol TE/g fresh weight. Anthocyanins are the main contributor to antioxidant capacity in blackcurrant and their concentrations range from 180 to 732 mg/100g FW.
188

Effects of partial replacement of carbohydrate with protein from lean red meat on markers of oxidative stress and inflammation: results of a randomized controlled trial

▪ Author : JM Hodgson, NC Ward, V Burke, LJ Beilin, IB Puddey
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S90
▪ Content : Background – Red meat intake has been associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes. The often coupled intake of saturated fat and processing of red meat may be at least partly responsible. Effects of iron derived from red meat to increase iron stores and initiate oxidative damage and inflammation is another possible pathway.
189

Concurrent Session 17: Dietary Antioxiants and Health Antioxidant compositions of selected fruits, vegetables and beverages in Fiji

▪ Author : J Lako and S Sotheeswaran
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S91
▪ Content : Background – This paper reports the antioxidant compositions of fruits, vegetables and beverages in Fiji. Objectives – The availability of such data will help promote their use in the daily diet of the people in Fiji. Design – The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was assayed using trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) decolourization method (1). The total polyphenol (TPP) assay was performed using the Folin-Ciocalteu method (1). HPLC was used to determine the major carotenoid and flavonoid profiles. Outcomes – Commercial noni (Morinda citrifolia) fruit drink, which is exported to Australia, was shown to have the highest total polyphenol levels (375.1 mg/100g juice) followed by turmeric (Curcuma longa) (320 mg/100g). Sweet potato leaves (Ipomoea batatas) (240-280 mg/100g)...
190

Antioxidant capacity of plant extracts: comparing in vitro and in vivo measures

▪ Author : N Balasundram , K Sundram , S Samman
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S91
▪ Content : Background – Polyphenols from different plant sources have been investigated for their antioxidant activities. Polyphenols have been reported to exhibit anti-allergenic, anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects.Objective – To compare the outcomes of in vitro and in vivo measures of antioxidant activity of palm polyphenols. Design – In the in vitro experiments, human plasma was incubated with palm polyphenol extracts, and the antioxidant capacity was measured by two methods: 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical .+cation (ABTS ) scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. For the in vivo study, hamsters were fed an atherogenic diet and supplemented with palm fruit juice (PFJ) for 8 wk. PFJ was administered at three different polyp...
191

Concurrent Session 17: Dietary Antioxiants and Health Challenges of measuring health properties of antioxidants in food

▪ Author : A Adaim, J Zhang, MA Skinner
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S92
▪ Content : Background – Phytochemicals are abundant micronutrients in fruit and vegetables. There is an emerging body of evidence regarding their health benefits, some of which may be due to their antioxidant properties. Objective – To compare chemical antioxidant assays with more biologically relevant cell-based assay systems for measuring antioxidant activities of food polyphenols. Design – The free radical scavenging activities of three flavonoids: quercetin, rutin and catechin, commonly found in apple, onions and tea respectively, were measured. The three flavonoids were evaluated using both oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and lipid peroxidation inhibition capacity (LPIC) assays. Cytoprotective effects were measured by the degree of protection against H2O2-induced damage of hu...
192

Antioxidant restriction affects inflammatory response in short-duration exhaustive exercise

▪ Author : BA Plunkett, TA Watson, R Callister, ML Garg
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S92
▪ Content : Background – Exercise is known to increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)[1]. Dietary carotenoids have antioxidant properties and may possess anti-inflammatory effects [2]. Objective – The objective of the study was to determine the effect of dietary antioxidant restriction on short- duration maximal exhaustive exercise induced markers of inflammation, carotenoids and fatty acids in healthy male endurance athletes. Design – Seventeen endurance-trained athletes performed two separate exercise tests. Participants followed their habitual (high) antioxidant diet (HA) and performed an overnight fasting treadmill exercise test. Participants then followed a reduced antioxidant diet (RA) for 2 weeks and then performed the same overnight fasting treadmill exercise test. B...
193

Concurrent Session 18: Nutrition and Cognitive Development A controlled trial of homocysteine-lowering on cognitive performance in older people

▪ Author : JA McMahon , TJ Green , CM Skeaff , RG Knight , JI Mann , SM Williams
▪ Keyword : Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15 (Suppl 3): S93
▪ Content : Background – The results of observational studies suggest that high plasma homocysteine concentrations are inversely related to cognitive function in older people. Objective – To test the hypothesis that lowering plasma homocysteine concentration improves cognitive function in healthy older people. Design – Two year, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised clinical trial involving 276 healthy participants, 65 years of age or older, with plasma homocysteine concentrations of at least 13 μmol/L. Homocysteine-lowering treatment was a daily supplement containing folate (1000 μg), vitamins B12 (500 μg) and B6 (10 mg). Tests of cognition were conducted at baseline and after one and two years of treatment. Treatment effects were adjusted for baseline values, sex, and education. ...
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