Volume 11 Supplement 5

▪ Keyword : antioxidant enzymes, α-tocopherol, diabetic, malondialdehyde, vitamin E

▪ Content : Vitamin E is composed of various subfamilies that include tocopherols and tocotrienols. These compounds have antioxidant properties but differ in structure, dietary source and potency.

▪ Keyword : Akt, breast cancer, cyclic AMP, G-proteins, phosphoinositide 3-kinase

▪ Content : Tocotrienols are a subclass of vitamin E compounds that display potent anticancer activity. Determining the anticancer mechanism of action of tocotrienols will provide essential information necessary for understanding the potential health benefits of these compounds in reducing the risk of breast cancer in women.

▪ Keyword : 17β-estradiol, 17β-estradiol epoxide, breast cancer, chemopreventive agent screening, DNA adduct

▪ Content : Epidemiological and animal studies have indicated that 17β-estradiol (E2) is involved in breast cancer; however, the mechanism is unclear. We found that E2 could be activated by epoxidation, resulting in its ability to inhibit nuclear DNA-dependent RNA synthesis, and to bind DNA, forming DNA adducts both in vitro and in vivo

▪ Keyword : Endothelium, oil palm, polyphenols, rat, vasorelaxation

▪ Content : Plant-based polyphenolic compounds have been reported to possess cardiovascular health benefits. Several dietary sources, including herbs and spices, fruits and vegetables, and tea and wine, contain an array of biologically active compounds that have been shown to be effective in retarding oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and promoting vascular relaxation.

▪ Keyword : aquaculture, α-tocopherol, aquafeed, fish oil, fish, palm oil

▪ Content : One key ingredient used in the formulation of aquafeed is fish oil, which is produced from small marine pelagic fish and represents a finite fishery resource. At the present time, global fish oil production has reached a plateau and is not expected to increase beyond current levels.

▪ Keyword : Coronary heart disease, dietary fat, HDL, LDL, lipoproteins

▪ Content : In the consideration of dietary fat and heart disease several questions arise. First, how much fat is ‘healthy’, both in terms of the total dietary amount and as a percentage of total dietary calories (% en), for example, 20% en, 30% en or 40% en? Second, once these fat intake parameters are ascertained, what is the proper balance of fatty acids (ratio of saturated fatty acids (SFA) to monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)) and within each of these categories, which specific SFA and PUFA are most healthy?

▪ Keyword : cholesterol, deuterium, human, palmitic acid, plasma, trans fatty acids

▪ Content : The effect of dietary intake of high palmitic acid levels in combination with other fatty acids in normal subjects was assessed. Palmitic acid (10% of energy) was fed in conjunction with decreasing levels of linoleic acid to determine if a threshold level of linoleic acid prevented palmitic acid from being hypercholesterolaemic.

▪ Keyword : dietary cholesterol, trans fatty acid, saturated fatty acid, lipoprotein

▪ Content : Nine cynomolgus monkeys were rotated randomly through four dietary treatments with each treatment lasting 6 weeks. A wash-out period of 4 weeks was maintained between each dietary rotation. The animals were fed diets containing 32% energy fat derived from palm olein (POL), lauric-myristic-rich oil blend (LM), American Heart Association (AHA) rich oil blend and hydrogenated soybean oil blend (trans). Diets were fed with (phase 1) or without (phase 2) the addition of dietary cholesterol (0.1%).

▪ Keyword : palm olein, moderate fat diet

▪ Content : Plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) can be modulated by the type and amount of fat in the diet. There is, however, a paucity of information on the effect of different types and quantity of dietary fat on the plasma LDL composition in vervets. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different sources of dietary fat on the concentrations and composition of circulating plasma LDL in vervets consuming moderate-fat diets containing either animal fat, sunflower oil or palm olein.

▪ Keyword : aorta, atherosclerosis, lard, moderate-fat moderate-cholesterol diet, non-human primate

▪ Content : Several studies have reported on the effect of palm olein oil (PO; palmitic acid content ∼38%) incorporation into the diet on blood cholesterol concentration. Information on the effect of PO on atherosclerosis is, however, lacking. In vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations can be modulated by the type and amount of fat in the diet.

▪ Keyword : atherosclerosis, carotenoid, palm oil, red palm oil, rice bran oil

▪ Content : Oil obtained initially in harvesting the fruit of the oil palm is red due to its content of carotenes, tocopherols and tocotrienols.

▪ Keyword : bioavailability, carotene, human, red palm oil, stable isotope

▪ Content : Red palm oil (RPO) contains high concentrations of β- and α-carotene, and is presumed to possess a higher vitamin A value than other foods. The objective was to determine the metabolic vitamin A and carotene values of refined red palm oil in healthy adult subjects, using a stable isotope reference method.

▪ Keyword : Antioxidants, cardiovascular disease, vitamin E

▪ Content : Cardiovascular disease, in particular coronary artery disease (CAD), remains the most important cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries and, in the near future, more so in the developing world. Atherosclerotic plaque formation is the underlying basis for CAD.