Volume 11 Supplement 6

▪ Keyword : ecological nutrition, growth and health, nutrition, paradigm shifts in nutrition, population and planetary health

▪ Content : The map of nutrition, evident in the structure of any course or textbook, derives from theses that framed a science begun in the 1840s, developed until the 1940s, and consolidated until now.

▪ Keyword : Anglo-Celtic Australians, Australian Bureau of Statistics, cardiovascular disease, food habits in later life

▪ Content : There is evidence in Australia that 1st generation Greek Australians (GA), despite their high prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors (e.g. obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, smoking, hypertension, sedentary lifestyles) continue to display more than 35% lower mortality from CVD and overall mortality compared with the Australian-born after at least 30 years in Australia.

▪ Keyword : Health policy, indigenous, nutrition, risk factors, traditional diet

▪ Content : The health status of Australia’s indigenous people remains the worst of any subgroup within the population, and there is little evidence of any significant improvement over the past two decades, a situation unprecedented on a world scale.

▪ Keyword : Behaviour change, food behaviour, nutrition knowledge

▪ Content : The status and explanatory role of nutrition knowledge is uncertain in public health nutrition. Much of the uncertainty about this area has been generated by conceptual confusion about the nature of knowledge and behaviours, and, nutrition knowledge and food behaviours in particular.

▪ Keyword : Blood pressure, cholesterol, diet, weight control

▪ Content : Health-related behaviours affecting diet, weight control and physical activity are important for long-term cardiovascular health but behaviour change is difficult to initiate and even more difficult to maintain.

▪ Keyword : Diabetes, epidemics, obesity, prevention

▪ Content : A degree of success has been achieved in controlling several epidemics of infectious and non-infectious causes of death in countries, such as, Australia and New Zealand. Using the epidemiological triad (host, vector, environment) as a model, the key components of the control of these epidemics have been identified and compared to the current status of interventions to prevent obesity and its main disease consequence, type 2 diabetes.

▪ Keyword : Body composition, obesity, prevention, risk factors, weight gain

▪ Content : In the last 20 years, there has been a dramatic upsurge in the average weight of Australian adults. In this period, on average, Australian women have gained 4.8 kg, whilst Australian men have gained 3.6 kg.

▪ Keyword : ageing, chronic diseases, cognitive function, micronutrient status

▪ Content : The potential impact of dietary manipulation on the maintenance of physical and cognitive function between middle and old age has profound consequences for optimization of health, independence and well-being for the latter years.

▪ Keyword : Breast cancer, cancer prevention, chemoprevention, colorectal cancer, dietary lifestyle

▪ Content : In Australia, colorectal, prostate and breast cancers are the most frequently occurring cancers in our society, a pattern that is quite different from that of underdeveloped countries.

▪ Keyword : Dietary habits, fish, food variety, legumes, nuts

▪ Content : The traditional food habits of Greeks and Japanese differ widely, yet both populations have the longest life expectancies in the world. Food variety is one feature common to both food cultures. By eating a wide variety of foods, numerous chemicals that give rise to the diverse range of colours, tastes, textures and smells of different foods are consumed. Many of these naturally occurring chemicals are likely to play a role in health. Within the broad scope of foods available, foods for thought include fish, legumes and nuts. These foods are also likely to protect older adults against some of the diseases more prevalent with ageing such as coronary heart disease and cancer

▪ Keyword : Ageing, obesity, osteopenia, physical activity

▪ Content : Ageing is associated with changes in body composition, including an increase and redistribution of adipose tissue and a decrease in muscle and bone mass, beginning as early as the fourth decade of life.

▪ Keyword : ecological nutrition, food systems, green revolution, liberalisation of food trade

▪ Content : Scale up ‘we are what we eat’ and nutrition is revealed as an aspect of world governance. The quality and nature of food systems has always tended to determine not only the health and welfare but also the fate of nations.

▪ Keyword : Chronic disease, diet, ethics, globalisation, nutrition

▪ Content : Globalization is the process of increasing interconnections and linkages, within societies and across geography, due to improved communication and expanded world trade. It limits the differentiation wrought by human cultural evolution, and homogenizes health practices, diet and lifestyle

▪ Keyword : Evidence-based medicine, level of evidence, randomised controlled trials, recommendations

▪ Content : The widespread acceptance that ‘evidence-based medicine’ should determine all aspects of clinical practice leads to a consideration as to whether ‘evidence-based nutrition’ should be based on similar principles.

▪ Keyword : Fetal programming, low birth weight, maternal nutrition, metabolic syndrome

▪ Content : Evolutionary pressures have probably amplified the mechanisms for minimizing the impact of environmental factors through compensatory maternal mechanisms. Nevertheless, experimentally there are clear long-term programming effects of manipulations to the maternal diet on the likelihood of neural-tube defects associated with folate deficiency.

▪ Keyword : Australia, body mass index, complications, management, obesity

▪ Content : The early 21st century has seen the development of a global epidemic of obesity in both developed and developing countries. In Australia at least one in five children and adolescents are overweight or obese, with rapid rises in prevalence apparently continuing. Similar trends are seen in other countries.

▪ Keyword : Cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, fetus, nutrition, pregnancy

▪ Content : There is now overwhelming evidence that much of our predisposition to adult illness is determined by the time of birth. These diseases appear to result from interactions between our genes, our intrauterine environment and our postnatal lifestyle.

▪ Keyword : adolescent, anaemia, Australia, bioavailability, diet, girls

▪ Content : Surveys in Australia, New Zealand and other industrialised countries report that many adolescent girls have dietary intakes of iron and zinc that fail to meet their high physiological requirements for growing body tissues, expanding red cell mass, and onset of menarche. Such dietary inadequacies can be attributed to poor food selection patterns, and low energy intakes.

▪ Keyword : family food environment, socieoeconomic status

▪ Content : Dietary data from throughout Western society support the notion that children’s diets are not consistent with dietary recommendations of health authorities.

▪ Keyword : acculturation, Asia, Australia, eco-disease, eco-nutrition

▪ Content : Australia’s food and health patterns are inextricably and increasingly linked with Asia. Indigenous Australians arrived in the continent via Asia and have linguistic connections with people who settled in south India; there was interaction and food trade between both South-East Asia and China and northern indigenous Australians over thousands of years.