Volume 25 Supplement 1

▪ Keyword : personal nutrition, food patterns, immune function, neuronutrition, microbiomics

▪ Content : Indonesia, as a major population in the Asia Pacific region, threatened with food and health insecurity through climate change and rapid economic development, faces the challenge to build capacity among its science-based food and health professionals and institutions. The nutrition research agenda is now being more actively set within the region, rather than by external imposition.

▪ Keyword : PWR, IGF-I, OBRb, placenta, malaria

▪ Content : Background and Objectives: Plasmodium falciparum infection during pregnancy is characterised by placental inefficiency caused by infected erythrocyte sequestration. Reduced placental efficiency leads to placental intrauterine adaptation for sustaining fetal growth, which is reflected by changes in the expression of placental genes involved in intrauterine growth regulation. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether the placental weight ratio, an indicator of placental efficiency, affects the placental expression of the components of the insulin-like growth factor axis and leptin signalling pathway in P. falciparum-infected pregnant women.

▪ Keyword : adolescents, overweight, social cognitive theory, self-efficacy, snacking

▪ Content : Background and Objectives: Social cognitive theory provides the opportunity for program development to enhance healthy personal behvioural characteristics. We devised study to employ social cognitive theory to reduce snacking habits and sedentary activity among overweight adolescents .

▪ Keyword : sexual dimorphism, obesity, interleukin 17, adipocytokine, insulin resistance

▪ Content : Background and Objectives: Pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 17A (IL-17), leptin, and adiponectin have been associated with obesity and insulin resistance. Moreover, differences in sex and ethnicity as well as plasma concentration of adipocytokines and cytokines have been associated with the risk of insulin resistance. This study was conducted to elucidate whether sex differences exist in the risk of insulin resistance in Indonesian adolescents and to determine how plasma leptin, adiponectin, and IL-17 predict insulin resistance.

▪ Keyword : probiotic, micronutrient, milk, pregnant, digestive health, vitamin folic-acid, homocysteine

▪ Content : Background and Objectives: Maternal nutrition affects fetal growth and development. This study evaluates the effects of milk powder fortified with micronutrients, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a prebiotic, and probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 DR10TM on the micronutrient status, as well as the presence of faecal probiotic and immune markers in pregnant women.

▪ Keyword : vitamin D deficiency, sunlight exposure, cardiovascular disease risk, children

▪ Content : Background and Objectives: Vitamin D deficiency significantly affects cardiovascular disease risk. Cardiovascular disease is epidemic in nature. Because the prevalence of cardiovascular disease has been increasing in children, it has been changing from an adulthood disease to a childhood disease. Therefore, formulating an effective prevention strategy against cardiovascular disease development in children is crucial.

▪ Keyword : omega-3, omega-6, reproducibility, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ), validity

▪ Content : Background and Objective: A balance ratio of dietary omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) fatty acids reduces childhood obesity. However, few studies have focused on validation of semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ) for determining the n-3 and n-6 intakes in children. Therefore, a valid SFFQ for assessing n-3 and n-6 intakes among Indonesian children is required.

▪ Keyword : vitamin A, serum retinol, children younger than 5 years

▪ Content : Background and Objectives: Vitamin A deficiency is particularly common among children younger than 5 years. In 2011, a study conducted in West Java revealed that the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in children aged 6–11 months, 12–23 months, and 24–59 months was 18.2%, 15.2%, and 9.9%, respectively. The present study analysed the differences in vitamin A intake and serum retinol in all the preschool children from Grobogan and Kudus, Central Java.

▪ Keyword : complementary food, SQ-LNS, biscuit, stunting, Indonesia

▪ Content : Background and Objectives: Stunting during childhood is a common public health problem in Indonesia. Complementary food supplementation with a small quantity of lipid-based nutrient supplements (SQ-LNSs) can promote growth and prevent undernutrition. This study investigated the effects of the daily provision of SQ-LNSs and biscuits on linear growth and reduction in the incidence of stunting among infants in rural Indonesia.

▪ Keyword : breastfeeding, intention, continuation, follow-up approach

▪ Content : Background and Objectives: Although breastfeeding is recommended by WHO, the breastfeeding rate in Indonesia remains low, because many women fail to maintain their breastfeeding intention during the breastfeeding period.

▪ Keyword : exclusive breastfeeding, breastfeeding initiation, neonatal illness

▪ Content : Background and Objectives: Exclusive breastfeeding has been proven to be essential for optimal health, and for reducing infections and mortality in children. However, exclusive breastfeeding coverage both in Indonesia and in globalremains low. This study evaluated the relationship between the timely initiation of breastfeeding and the practice of exclusive breastfeeding in Indonesia.

▪ Keyword : persistent diarrhoea, undernutrition, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, faecal elastase-1, children

▪ Content : Background and Objectives: Persistent diarrhoea, a serious health problem, is closely related to malnutrition. Children with severe malnutrition have a 9-fold risk of death, and children with severe stunting have a 4-fold risk of death. Prolonged mucosal injury from diarrhoea causes reduced secretin and cholecystokinin secretion, which decreases stimulation to the pancreas, and is indicated by faecal elastase-1 levels. This further aggravates persistent diarrhoea and malnutrition because of the low levels of digestive enzyme production. This study evaluated the exocrine function of the pancreas in children with persistent diarrhoea and malnutrition.

▪ Keyword : dietary optimisation, linear programming, omega-3, omega-6, obese children

▪ Content : Background and Objectives: Diets with a specific omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio have been reported to have favourable effects in controlling obesity in adults. However, development a local-based diet by considering the ratio of these fatty acids for improving the nutritional status of overweight and obese children is lacking. Therefore, using linear programming, we developed an affordable optimised diet focusing on the ratio of omega6/omega-3 fatty acid intake for obese children aged 12–23 months.